and unpolished to satisfy his aspiring genius, and then to Leipsic, where he soon found himself at home among a circle of literary young men. These were the contributors to the Bremische Beiträge, in the columns of which excellent journal also the three cantos of the "Messiah" appeared in 1748. Whilst the young poet found himself under the necessity of acting as private tutor to the family of a relation at Langensalza, the first-fruits of his muse had begun to stir the literary world of Germany from the Swiss mountains down to the shores of the Baltic. He was invited by Bodmer to Zurich, and accepted the invitation the more readily as at Langensalza he had formed a passionate attachment for the sister of a friend, Friederike Schmidt, the Fanny of his odes, who admired his merits but never returned his feelings. It was a happy time which Klopstock passed in Bodmer's house, and he has preserved its memory in his beautiful "Ode on the lake of Zurich." The friendship between them, however, cooled on nearer acquaintance, and in this respect it was highly fortunate that Klopstock was offered a pension of four hundred thalers from the king of Denmark, and invited to complete his epic at Copenhagen. Klopstock at once proceeded by way of Brunswick and Hamburg to the Danish capital. At Hamburg he made the acquaintance of the accomplished Margareta or Meta Mellor, whom he has immortalized under the name of Cidli, and who, from an admirer of his works, soon became his bride, and was married to him in 1754. It was the first and greatest misfortune in Klopstock's life that he lost his beloved Meta in her first childbed, after a marriage of four years. She was a wife in every respect worthy of such a husband. A tragedy—the Death of Abel—and some other poetical fragments from her pen, were published after her death by her husband. Her amiable character is revealed without reserve in her letters to Richardson, for whom and Dr. Young both she and her husband entertained the highest regard. At Copenhagen, Klopstock was patronized especially by the Counts Bernstorff and Moltke, who conferred their favours on him in as dignified a manner as that with which he received them. He prudently kept aloof from the court, and never courted favour. When, after the death of Frederick V., Count Bernstorff was succeeded in the ministry by Struensee, Klopstock, with the title of councillor of legation, retired to Hamburg in 1771, which he left only once again on an invitation from the margrave of Baden in 1774. He staid some months at Karlsruhe, and returned with a title and a pension from the margrave. In 1792 Klopstock married again an old friend, Madame Von Winthem a widow lady, who became a faithful companion and helpmate of his old days. He died on the 14th March, 1803, and was buried beside his Meta under the same venerable linden-tree at Ottensen—a spot not only dear to every German, but to every lover of poetry and virtue. His funeral was as magnificent as that of a sovereign; no less than one hundred and twenty-six carriages followed the hearse, and all the bells of Hamburg and Altona tolled. A monument was also erected to him at Quedlinburg on the hundredth anniversary of his birthday. Klopstock's character as a man was irreproachable and of the noblest purity. His heart was filled with true piety, with good-will towards his fellow-men, and with an ardent love of his country. At the same time he was a zealous friend of political progress. He took a lively interest in the beginnings of the French revolution, and in his odes hailed it as the dawn of better times; he was even, like Schiller, declared a citizen of the French republic. But his sympathy was soon converted into horror and dismay. The same characteristics mark his poetry. The "Messiah," the final portion of which appeared in 1773, is still admired as one of the greatest monuments not only of poetry but of devotion, though, to confess the truth, it is seldom read now-a-days. It lacks energy and action, and its lyric portions are the finest part of the work. The hymns and the odes on the contraiy will keep their author's memory green, as long as the German tongue is spoken and understood. In the latter Klopstock has enriched the German language with the metres of the ancients, and has altogether laid the foundation for classic German poetry. His patriotism urged him to banish the ancient mythology, instead of which he introduced that of the Scandinavian North, an endeavour which, however universally imitated in the beginning, yet in the course of time has proved abortive. The later odes are somewhat disfigured by harshness and obscurity. In the Dramas or "Bardiete," as Klopstock chose to call them, Arminius or Hermann, prince of the Cherusci, is represented as the national hero. Notwithstanding their noble patriotism they had comparatively little success, and are now forgotten. The same may be said in a still higher degree of his grammatical writings, in which mannerism and idle innovations have marred whatever true and important remarks they may contain. They were the productions of his later years, in which he was not wholly free from vanity and conceit; whilst in the years of his youth and manhood, though always conscious of his dignity, he was companionable, and fond of joke and wit. One of his favourite amusements was skating, the praise of which he has sung in some of his odes. The life and works of Klopstock have given rise to innumerable biographies, commentaries, translations, and criticisms.—K. E.
KLOTZ, Christian Adolph, a distinguished German antiquary, was born at Bischofswerda in Lusatia, 13th November, 1738, and educated at Görlitz and Meissen. He then studied at Leipsic and Jena, and in 1762 was appointed professor extraordinary at Göttingen, whence in 1765 he was called to Halle as professor of eloquence. Here he declined the offer of a chair at Warsaw, and by way of compensation was nominated privy councillor by Frederick the Great, in whose favour he seems to have stood very high. He died prematurely on the 31st December, 1771. He was a scholar of unquestionable talent and deep learning, but of a haughty and quarrelsome temper. He engaged in several literary feuds, the most notorious of which is that with Lessing about ancient gems, in which of course the genius of Lessing had the better of Klotz, although he has criticized him too severely and undervalued his merits. During his short career Klotz published a surprising number of treatises and commentaries, of which we only note his "Vindiciæ Horatianæ," "Lectiones Venusinæ," "Opuscula," "Carmina," "Ridicula Literaria," and his two journals, "Acta Literaria," 7 vols., and "Bibliothek der elenden Scribenten," 7 vols. His life has been written by Hansen, J. G. Jakobi, and J. C. von Murr. His "Correspondence" was published by J. A. von Hagen in 1773 in 2 vols.—K. E.
* KLOTZ, Reinhold, a German philologist, was born in 1807. He studied under Beck and Gottfried Hermann, succeeding the latter as professor of eloquence and poetry in 1849. Amongst his writings are "Emendationes Tullianæ," a handbook of Latin literature; and a critical letter to Hermann; and he also published valuable editions of many classical authors.—W. J. P.
KLOTZSCH, J. F., a German botanist, was born in 1805, and died on 5th November, 1860. He for some time assisted Sir William Hooker in arranging his herbarium, and he was afterwards for many years keeper of the royal herbarium at Berlin. He has published some botanical papers—among which may be noticed monographs of Begonia and Euphorbia.—J. H. B.
KLÜBER, Johann Ludwig, a German writer of note, was born at Thann, near Fulda, on the 10th November, 1762. As early as 1786 he was appointed professor at Erlangen, whence in 1807 he was called to Heidelberg. Soon after he obtained a high office under government at Karlsruhe, and in 1817 entered the civil service of Prussia, where however, after the death of Prince Hardenberg his patron, he became suspected, and was even subjected to a trial. After being declared innocent he resigned, and retired to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he died, 16th February, 1837. Klüber is particularly distinguished as the historian of the Vienna congress, and of the federal law as established at Vienna. His works on these subjects must indeed be considered as classical. He wrote besides a "Droit des gens moderne de l'Europe;" a "History of the National and Political Regeneration of Greece;" "On the Coinage of Germany;" and other valuable works.—K. E.
KMETY, George, a distinguished Hungarian general, was born in 1810 at Pokoragy, a village in the Gömoror county, where his father was a protestant clergyman. His father having died when he was very young, he was educated by his uncle who was also a protestant minister. At an early age he manifested great abilities united with steady industry, and was sent first to the protestant college at Eperies, and afterwards to the protestant lyceum of Presburg, to qualify him for a learned profession. Having by a mistake been deprived of a German scholarship which he had gained by competition, he was so chagrined that he went to Vienna and entered the army. By his ability and attention to his duty he had attained the rank of a commissioned officer when the war broke out between Hungary and Austria in 1848. Kmety immediately returned home to assist his native country in her patriotic struggle for her
