independence and liberties. On the disastrous termination of that contest he sought refuge in Turkey along with Kossuth, Bem, and other Hungarian leaders; and having qualified himself for office by adopting the mussulman religion, was appointed an officer in the Turkish army, with the designation of Ismail Pasha. During the Crimean war he served in the army of Asia Minor, and rendered most important service in the heroic defence of Kars. In one bloody contest which lasted seven hours and a half the whole Russian force was concentrated against the division of General Kmety, who finally repulsed the enemy with a loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of six thousand men. He fortunately escaped from the town before its surrender. His health, however, was shattered from the effects of the campaign; and having obtained a pension from the Turkish government, he came to London, where he died, 25th April, 1865.—J. T.
* KNAPP, Albert, a distinguished German divine and poet, was born at Tübingen on the 25th July, 1798, and is now a minister at Stuttgard. His hymns, which he has published in several collections, rank among the best of modern times; and his "Evangelical Anthology"—second edition, 2 vols., 1850—contains a well-arranged selection of the best German hymns of all centuries. He has also since 1833 edited an almanac under the title of Christoterpe, devoted chiefly to sacred poetry and literature.—K. E.
KNAPP, Georg Christian, son of Johann Georg Knapp, theological professor at Halle, was born in 1753. He studied at the school and university of Halle, and for a short time at Göttingen. In 1775 he taught philosophy at Halle, in 1777 was appointed extraordinary professor of theology there, and in 1782 theological professor in ordinary. He was engaged in his professional duties for half a century, and died in 1825. During this long period he lectured on the Old and New Testaments, and on various separate subjects connected with theology and religion. He was the last offshoot of the Halle school of believers, and was a worthy ornament of the university to which he was attached. He was well acquainted with the text and the exegesis of the scriptures, and published several works of real value to sacred criticism. He held fast to the divine origin and character of Christianity, which he defended with ability and moderation. In 1778 he published a German translation of the Psalms, with annotations; and in 1797 an edition of the New Testament in Greek, with various readings and other matters. The New Testament has been several times reprinted. In 1805 he published a Latin work entitled "Scripta varii argumenti," comprising exegetical and historical essays. He also wrote a valuable life of Justus Jonas, 1817. His "Lectures on Christian Theology," by which he is best known in this country, appeared in 1827. Besides the foregoing, he wrote many articles for the Notices of Danish Missions, of which he was editor, and for other periodicals. Knapp is honoured for his steady adherence to sound principles of criticism, and for his skill in maintaining and expounding them.—B. H. C.
KNAPP, Johann, fruit, flower, and animal painter, was born at Vienna in 1778; studied in the art academy of that city; was a designer in the tapestry works at Erdburg until 1791, when he obeyed the call to arms, and remained with the army till the treaty of 1797. He ultimately settled at Schönbrunn, where he for some time devoted himself to the study of natural history; was appointed by the Archduke Anton to a post in connection with the botanical garden, and became exceedingly skilful and popular in the representation of plants and fruits. He painted many fruit and flower pieces in oil, some of them of large size, but is best known by the collections of folio plates from his drawings. Of these the chief are—"Native Fungi," two hundred and eighty plates; "Exotic Plants," one hundred plates; "The Fruits of Austria," four hundred plates; "The Grapes of Austria;" "Flora Alpina," &c. He died in 1831.—J. T—e.
KNAPP, John Leonard, an English botanist, was born at Shenley in Buckinghamshire, on 9th May, 1767, and died at Alveston, near Bristol, on 29th April, 1845. He was educated in Oxfordshire, and joined the navy. He afterwards served in the militia. He was fond of botany, and took many excursions for the purpose of following out the science. With George Don he botanized in Scotland. In 1803 he published "Gramina Britannica," or descriptions and drawings of British grasses. He was also the author of the "Journal of a Naturalist," which was published in 1829. He was a fellow of the Linnæan Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.—J. H. B.
KNAPP, Samuel Lorenzo, an industrious American author, born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1784; died at Hopkinton in the same state in July, 1838. His chief work is "American Biography, or original biographical sketches of distinguished Americans," 1833, to which, in many cases, his own personal reminiscences contributed. Among his other works is "Female Biography, containing notices of distinguished women of different ages and nations," published in 1833.—F. E.
KNEBEL, Karl Ludwig von, a German translator and poet, was born at Wallerstein, Bavaria, on the 30th November, 1744, and died at Jena on the 23rd February, 1834. After being carefully educated he served some time in the Prussian army, and then was appointed governor to Prince Constantine, brother of the celebrated Duke Karl August of Weimar. Afterwards he lived in literary retirement, and in the enjoyment of an intimate friendship with Göthe and other Weimar celebrities. Besides two small volumes of original poetry, he published admirable translations of Propertius, Lucan, and of the tragedy of Saul by Alfieri. His "Remains" and "Correspondence" were edited by Varnhagen von Ense and Theodor Mundt; his "Correspondence with Göthe," by Guhrauer.—K. E.
KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, Bart., was born at Lübeck, 8th August, 1646, and is reported to have studied in Holland under Rembrandt and Ferdinand Boll; but he must have been very young to have received much instruction from Rembrandt, who painted but little after 1660. From Holland Kneller went to Italy. After his return from Italy he settled in Hamburg; but when about thirty years of age, in 1675, he was induced by a Hamburg merchant of the name of Banks to try his fortunes in London, where he eventually settled, established an unrivalled reputation as a portrait-painter, and amassed a large fortune. His success was unprecedented; portraits were far more a fashion in Kneller's time than in Vandyck's. Kneller, though scarcely so good a painter, soon eclipsed Lely. Charles II. sat to both at the same time, and it is reported by Walpole that Kneller's picture was finished by the time Lely's was dead-coloured only. Kneller had the honour of painting seven crowned heads—Charles II., James II., William III., Queen Anne, and George I. of England; Louis XIV. of France; Charles VI. of Spain; and Peter the Great of Russia. George I. created him a Baronet in 1715, and he was, we believe the first and last painter who ever received that honour; William III. had only knighted him. Among his most popular works is the collection of forty-three portraits known as the Kit-Cat club, painted for Tonson the bookseller, and engraved by Faber in 1795, in mezzotinto; the club was so called from the name of Christopher Cat, in whose house it met John Smith also executed some very good mezzotint portraits after Kneller, by whom there is an excellent portrait of Smith in the national gallery, painted in 1696. He painted for King William "the Beauties of Hampton Court," and also several of the portraits for the gallery of the admirals. Sir Godfrey's best works have great merit and dignity, and are particularly well drawn; but they are more frequently hard, and indifferent in taste and in execution. He was exceedingly vain, but was really a great wit, as many anecdotes recorded of him sufficiently testify. He died in London, October 27, 1723, but was buried at Whitton, where he had a country-house; in town he resided in Great Queen Street, next door to Dr. Radcliffe. A monument by Rysbrach was erected to his memory in Westminster abbey. To his wife Susannah Cawley, who survived him, he left a life interest in £500 a year, besides his town and country houses, and all his furniture, &c. It passed afterwards to a grandson, Godfrey Huckle, who in 1731 took the name and arms of Kneller; and the family is still represented in Wiltshire.—( Walpole, Anecdotes, &c., in which there is a fine head of Kneller after himself, engraved by J. H. Robinson.)—R. N. W.
KNIAJNIN, Jakov Borisovitch, a Russian dramatic writer, born at Pskov in 1742, and educated at St. Petersburg. He entered the foreign office, but afterwards became a captain in the army. His first publication "Dido," a tragedy, attracted the notice of the Empress Catherine II. After the publication of "Rosslaff," a tragedy, he was elected a member of the Russian Academy in 1783, and assisted in the compilation of the dictionary of the academy. At the request of the empress he translated Metastasio's La Clemenza di Tito into Russian in three weeks' time, and to diffuse a taste for literature among the young officers of the army, he lectured on Russian literature at the cadet corps. He died on the 14th of January, 1791. The
