P
PAAS. See Pass.
PACCA, Bartolomeo, Cardinal, the minister and fellow-sufferer of Pope Pius VII., was born at Benevento in 1756. After having studied for the church in his native town, he went to Rome and qualified for a diplomatic career, being admitted into the second class of nuncios. In 1786 he was sent to represent the pope at Cologne, which he quitted in 1793 for Lisbon, where he resided until the end of 1800. The following year he was made cardinal, but held no public office of importance until 1808. On the overthrow of Cardinal Gonsalvo's ministry, by Napoleon's interference, Pacca was appointed prime minister. The history of his ministry has been given to the world in the Cardinal's "Historical Memoirs," which comprise the events of the period between the occupation of Rome by the French in 1808 and the abdication of Napoleon in 1814. In July, 1809, Pacca and his master were forcibly abducted from the Quirinal palace, and for three years and a half the cardinal was imprisoned in the Piedmontese fortress of Fenestrelle. He bore his trials magnanimously, and steadfastly upheld the rights of his church. He accompanied the pope on his triumphal return to Rome in 1814, and filled various important offices in the state until 1821, when he retired into private life. He died at Rome in 1844. A translation of the "Historical Memoirs" into English, by Sir George Head, was published in 1844.—R. H.
PACCHIAROTTO, Jacopo, one of the most distinguished of the Sienese painters, was born at Siena in 1474. Little is known of his education, but he executed many works for his native city, some of which still remain, as a fresco in the church of Santa Catarina there, in which he resembles Pietro Perugino in his best works. Pacchiarotto seems to have been an unruly spirit, and to have led a very turbulent life; he suffered also from poverty, partly caused, no doubt, by a large family. He had six daughters; and in 1526 he was in receipt of public aid from the municipality. In 1535 he was concerned in some conspiracy against the state, and was forced to save himself by flight. He took refuge in France, where Il Rosso protected him, and employed him as an assistant in the extensive works on which he was engaged for Francis I. at Fontainebleau. Pacchiarotto was outlawed by the Sienese government in 1539, but through the intercession of his wife was ultimately pardoned, and was restored to his family in the summer of 1540. From that time we have no further accounts of him. The gallery of Munich possesses two fine examples of his oil pictures.—(Gaye, Carteggio d'Artisti; National Gallery Catalogue).—R. N. W.
PACCIOLI or PACIOLI, Luca (known also by the name of Luca di Borgo), an Italian mathematician, lived during the latter half of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth. He was born at Borgo San Sepolcro in Tuscany, and is believed to have died at Florence, after having taught mathematics in various parts of Italy. He was the friend and scientific fellow-labourer of Leonardo da Vinci. His principal work is said to have been the earliest printed book on mathematics; it is entitled "Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni e Proportionalità," and was published at Venice in 1494. It treats of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry, and is valued as giving a complete view of the state at that period of the science of algebra, which had not advanced beyond the solution of quadratic equations. The arithmetical part contains the earliest account extant of the system of book-keeping by double entry. Some other writings of Paccioli contain various applications of algebra to geometry.—W. J. M. R.
PACE or PAICE, Richard, was secretary of state in the reign of Henry VIII., and one of the friendly band of learned men who so highly adorned that reign, including More, Lee, and their foreign correspondents Erasmus and Ulric von Hutten. Pace was born about 1482, near Winchester, and was educated at the cost of Thomas Langton, bishop of the diocese, who sent him to Padua, where he had for his preceptors Cuthbert Tunstall and William Latimer. On his return home he entered at Queen's college, Oxford, and subsequently was received into the service of Dr. Bainbridge. From that quarter he was recommended to court, and was made secretary of state. His civil services were rewarded by ecclesiastical preferments, the most important of which was the appointment to succeed Dr. Colet in the deanery of St. Paul's in 1519, to which was added about the same time the deanery of Exeter. Having acquitted himself ably in several foreign missions, Wolsey employed him to negotiate with the cardinals for his election to the papal throne, but without success. Pace being afterwards sent to Venice, failed to carry out Wolsey's double policy, and supported Charles V., when the cardinal desired to favour Francis I. The agitation caused in the English envoy's mind from fear of Wolsey's ill offices with the king, brought on an attack of delirium, which necessitated his return home. Reinstated in the royal favour, and attended by the king's physician, he recovered, and resumed his studies in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, with his friend Robert Wakefield. In an interview with the king at Richmond some time after, he charged Wolsey with injustice; but the cardinal was still too powerful to be meddled with, and Pace was sent to the Tower, where he remained about two years. He continued subject to fits of mental derangement until his death, which took place in 1533 at Stepney, where he was buried in the chancel of the church. For a list of his publications, which are now rare, see Lowndes' Manual and Davies' Icon Libellorum.—R. H.
PACETTI, Camillo, a celebrated Italian sculptor, was born at Rome in 1759. When Canova in 1805 declined the professorship of sculpture at Milan he recommended Pacetti, who had already acquired a high reputation in his native city, as peculiarly qualified for the post. Pacetti was accordingly appointed, and fully justified the choice by the flourishing condition to which he raised the school. Among the more eminent of his pupils were Sangiorgio, Cacciatori, Fabris, &c. Pacetti's principal works in marble are the "Minerva" in the Brera, Florence; the frieze and the two victories on the Arco della Pace in the same city; a "Sleeping Apollo," and other classic statues; and busts of Francis I., Vincenzo Monti, and other distinguished persons. Pacetti died at Milan, July 6, 1827.—J. T—e.
PACHECO, Francisco, was born at Seville in 1571, and became a pupil of Luis Fernandez, a decorative painter there. He was employed on the decorations of the funeral catafalque raised in honour of Philip II., in the cathedral of Seville, in 1598; and in his capacity as decorator, he restored in Spain the ancient practice of applying colour and gilding to statuary and sculpture. Some of his polychrome works of both descriptions, are still preserved in Seville. In 1611 Pacheco visited Toledo, Madrid, and the Escurial, and in the works of Titian, first became acquainted with the full capabilities of his art. He was so much impressed with the multiplicity of the qualifications requisite to make a great painter, that he established an art school at Seville upon his return, as well for his own benefit as for that of the artists of his native city generally; and in this school were educated several of the greatest of the Spanish painters, Alonzo Cano and Velasquez being among the first. In 1614 he completed his celebrated picture of the "Last Judgment," for the nuns of St. Isabel, for which he received seven hundred ducats. The picture contains a vast number of figures, of course draped. Undressed
