which are merely imitations of his manner, it having long been customary to give a factitious value to all "Palladian" palaces by ascribing them to the master himself. The celebrity which Palladio had acquired led to his being invited to Venice. Here he rebuilt the monastery of the canons Delia Carita, the principal feature of the new portion-consisting of a spacious Corinthian atrium with a cloister beyond—a work that was greatly admired. He also erected the church and refectory of San Giorgio Maggiore; the Corinthian church of the Capuchins, il Redentore, at Zueca; and the façade of S. Francesco della Vigna. His latest work was the Teatro Olympico at Vicenza, designed in imitation of the theatres of the ancients, and regarded as a masterpiece by architectural dilettanti. Palladio dying before its completion, it was finished on a somewhat less magnificent scale by Scamozzi in 1583. Palladio died August 6th, 1580, and was interred with great ceremony in the church of Santa Croce, Notwithstanding his extensive professional labours, Palladio found time to devote to literary and antiquarian studies. He published translations and notes on the Commentaries of Cæsar, which he illustrated with a series of forty-six engravings from his own designs; and left many notes on Polybius, and on the camps, fortifications, theatres, baths, &c., of the ancients, together with a large number of designs; but these were dispersed after his death, and but a small portion have been published. His great literary achievement was his famous Treatise on Architecture, published by Scamozzi in four volumes folio, and which has been several times reprinted, and translated into every European language. It was the object of Palladio to unite with the richness of Sansovino the severer principles of the ancients, and it was believed by his contemporaries and successors that he had succeeded; and hence, whilst his treatise was regarded as the great authority on architectural designs, his buildings were the models more or less closely followed. For a long' time what was called the Palladian was regarded as the classical style of architecture throughout Europe. It was introduced into England by Inigo Jones, and may be said to have passed away with Chambers. In Italy a modified or debased Palladianism has continued to be practised down to the present day. Palladio's buildings have been severely criticized by several recent writers, and they are undoubtedly open to censure. But they exhibit much nobleness and originality of style, and the decoration, if sometimes too florid, is always rich and effective.—J. T—e.
PALLADIUS, a Greek sophist or rhetorician of Methone, belonging to the first half of the fourth century after Christ. He is the author of treatises on the festivals of the Romans, disputations, and different discourses.—S. D.
PALLADIUS, the author of the "Lausiac History," a series of biographies of ascetics with whom the author was acquainted, was born about 367. Having when twenty years of age adopted a solitary life, he travelled on foot over the world, conversing with ascetics of eminent piety. This is probably the same Palladius who wrote the life of Chrysostom, was bishop of Helenopolis and afterwards of Aspona, and is known to have adopted Origenist opinions.—D. W. R.
PALLADIUS, a bishop of the fifth century, whose history is involved in much obscurity. It appears that he was sent by Pope Cœlestine "ad Scotos," i.e. to the Irish, and that his arrival among them was previous to that of St. Patrick. His success not having equalled his expectations, he passed over into Britain and died among the Picts. His reputed shrine in Scotland is situated at Fordun in the Mearns. By the Romanists of Scotland Palladius is commemorated on 6th July; by those of Ireland on January 27.—D. W. R.
PALLAS, Peter Simon, a distinguished naturalist, was born at Berlin on 22nd September, 1741, and died in that city on 11th September, 1811. He was the son of a surgeon at Berlin, and he prosecuted his medical studies there. He showed a fondness for natural science, especially zoology. He graduated as doctor of medicine at Leyden, and wrote a thesis on intestinal worms. He afterwards visited London, for the purpose of examining the zoological collections, and increasing his knowledge of this department of science. Subsequently he settled at the Hague, where he published some valuable works on zoology. In 1767 he was called to St. Petersburg to occupy the situation of professor of natural history in the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He joined an expedition to Siberia, and made extensive collections of fossil bones of quadrupeds. In this expedition he traversed the plains of European Russia, visited Calmuck Tartary and the shores of the Caspian, Orenburg, Ufa, the Ural mountains, Tobolsk in Siberia, Altai mountains, the Yenesei river, the frontiers of China, Astrakan, and the Caucasian Mountains. Six years were thus occupied, and during that time Pallas suffered much from fatigue and ill health, produced by the hardships which he had undergone. He received high honour on his return to St. Petersburg in 1774, and was appointed instructor in natural and physical sciences to the Grand-Dukes Alexander and Constantino. In 1793-94 he visited the southern parts of Russia, and settled in the Crimea, where he continued to reside for fifteen years, examining the natural history of the country. He finally sold his possessions in Russia and returned to Berlin in 1810, after an absence of forty-two years. He published a number of valuable works—"Elenchum Zoophyticum;" "Miscellanea Zoologica;" "Travels in the Russian Empire;" "Account of different species of Rodentia," two vols. 8vo.; "Flora Rossica," illustrated with plates; "Zoographia Rosso-asiatica;" "Observations on the Formation of Mountains;" "History of the Mongolian Nations;" "Travels in the Southern parts of Russia;" and a surgical vocabulary. He was a fellow of many learned societies in Europe, and he contributed papers to their Transactions.—J. H. B.
PALLAVICINO, Sforza, Cardinal and historian, born in Rome in 1607; died June, 1667. Of illustrious birth and considerable talents, courted by dignities and honours, he chose at about the age of thirty the severe seclusion of the cloister, and there gave himself to study and the discharge of his duties. His principal work, a "History of the Council of Trent," written in opposition to that by Fra Paolo Sarpi, is esteemed an authentic record of facts.—C. G. R.
PALLISER, Sir Hugh, a British admiral, was born at Kirk Deighton, Yorkshire, 26th February, 1722, was sent early to sea, arid was made lieutenant in 1742. He was posted captain in 1746, after taking four French privateers with the Weazle sloop. The following year he had a narrow escape from death by the accidental explosion of fire-arms on board his ship. He conveyed the troops which under General Braddock made the unfortunate campaign in America in 1755. Four years later he led the body of seamen which assisted in the capture of Quebec. He continued to advance in official rank; in 1773 was created a baronet, and shortly after was elected member of parliament for Scarborough. He became a lord of the admiralty, and in 1778 vice-admiral of the blue. In the action off Ushant, July 27, 1778, a misunderstanding between Palliser and Admiral Keppel led to a court-martial, which gave rise to much party feeling and threw unmerited odium upon Palliser's name. Sir Hugh became governor of Greenwich hospital, and died 19th March, 1796, at his seat the Vache in Buckinghamshire.—R. H.
PALM, Philip, a bookseller of Nuremberg, whose execution forms one of the darkest stories in the life of Napoleon Bonaparte. In August, 1806, he was seized by French gendarmes, torn from his wife and children, hurried away to Brannau, where he was tried by a court-martial composed of some French colonels for an alleged libel on the French emperor, condemned to death, and forthwith executed on the 26th of the month. The poor bookseller's sole offence consisted in having sold a pamphlet containing some severe, but just remarks, on the character and policy of Bonaparte. The sentence was in every way illegal and unjust; and although some of Napoleon's apologists have attempted to throw the guilt of this foul murder, as of other similar deeds, on some of his officers, there can be no doubt that the whole proceedings were regulated by his orders. Sixty thousand copies of a touching letter which Palm wrote to his wife and children just before his execution were circulated by the patriots of Berlin, and subscriptions were raised for his family in England, Russia, and in many parts of Germany.—J. T.
PALMA, Jacopo, called the Old, was born at Serinalta near Bergamo, about 1480, and was still living in 1521. He studied painting in Venice, where he became a follower of Titian and Giorgione, though he never quite attained the fulness of style of those great painters; and his colouring was perhaps always too positive and too warm. That mellowness of tone for which the Venetian painters are generally distinguished, is often extreme in the works of the elder Palma. Some of his early pictures are very highly finished, and hard. He was fond of painting female saints; and his most frequent models were his three daughters, of whom one, Violante, was distinguished for her beauty. He excelled in portraits. His masterpiece is con-
