phalæ, at the head of a greatly superior force; but by the valour and strenuous exertions of their general, the Thebans, notwithstanding the inferiority of their numbers, were routing the enemy, when Pelopidas having ventured too far in advance of his troops, fell covered with wounds, 364 b.c. The grief of his countrymen and their allies at his loss was very great, and they celebrated his obsequies with unusual solemnity and magnificence. Pelopidas was justly reckoned one of the ablest generals and most estimable public men of his age.—J. T.
PELTIER, Jean Charles Athanase, a French physicist, was born at Ham on the 22nd of February, 1785, and died in Paris on the 27th of October, 1845. He studied principally meteorology and electricity, and made the remarkable discovery of the production of cold by an electric current, forced to traverse the junction of two metals in the same direction with that of the current which the application of heat to the same junction would generate; a fact of capital importance to the theory of electricity, and of physical energy in general.—W. J. M. R.
PELTIER, Jean Gabriel, a French journalist, notable for his trial on English ground, was born, probably about 1770, at Nantes, where his father was a merchant. At the Revolution he founded in Paris a royalist newspaper, profane in its title, and written in a style harmonizing with the title, the Actes des Apôtres. After the fall of the French monarchy on the 10th of August, 1792, Peltier emigrated to London, where in 1803 he founded a journal, the Ambigu, in which he fiercely assailed the first Napoleon. During the short peace between France and England which followed the treaty of Amiens (1802) Napoleon complained of the newspaper attacks of Peltier among others, and at last the attorney-general prosecuted him for libels on the first consul. At his trial (21st February, 1803), Peltier was defended by Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Mackintosh in one of the most effective speeches ever delivered in an English court of justice. Peltier was convicted, but before he was brought up for judgment, the new war, which he had perhaps helped to provoke, broke out between France and England. He died in Paris in 1825.—F. E.
PELUSIUM. See Monge, Gaspard.
PEMBERTON, Henry, a mathematician, mechanist, and physician, was born in London in 1694. His education was liberal; he was early placed under the care of Mr. John Ward, afterwards professor of rhetoric at Gresham college. On choosing the profession of medicine he went to Leyden, where at that time Boerhaave was professor. There he studied, and there is no doubt that his natural taste for mathematics was fostered by the then dominant mathematico-physical doctrines, of which Boerhaave was one of the most distinguished supporters. Mathematics formed a large portion of his studies, both during his residence at Leyden, and afterwards when settled in England. From Leyden he went to Paris, to avail himself of those opportunities of practically studying anatomy which that school has always afforded. Thence he returned to London, bringing with him a valuable collection of ancient and modern mathematical works, which had formed part of the library of the Abbé Gallois. On settling in London, in order to become acquainted with English practice, he attended the wards of St. Thomas' hospital. His health, however, was not such as to enable him to cope with the fatigues of practice, and he never entered actively on the duties of the profession for which he had so assiduously qualified. In 1719 he returned to Leyden, visited his friend and former teacher, Boerhaave, and took the degree of M.D. On his return to London he became the intimate of several of the most distinguished men of his time, amongst whom were Sir Isaac Newton and Dr. Mead. He assisted the former in preparing an edition of the Principia, and in writing an account of his philosophical discoveries. Dr. Mead also had his literary assistance in his Treatise on the Plague, and in the magnificent edition which he published of Cowper's work on the muscles. Dr. Pemberton was ultimately elected to the chair of physic at Gresham college, where he delivered a course of lectures on chemistry, afterwards published in 1771 by his friend Dr. James Wilson. At the request of the London College of Physicians he undertook the superintendence of a new edition of the Pharmacopeia Londinensis. He died in 1771, aged seventy-six, having throughout a long life dedicated his best energies to the advancement of natural science. Dr. Pemberton was a voluminous writer. His contributions to the Transactions of the Royal Society extend from the thirty-second to the sixty-second volume. He left a large quantity of manuscripts, principally on scientific subjects. Amongst his published works are "Epistola ad Amicum de Cotesii inventis;" on the dispute about Fluxions, in the second volume of Robins' works; on the alteration of the style and calendar; on reducing the weights and measures to one standard; a dissertation on eclipses; on the "Loci Plani." Besides these he published several minor pieces on subjects unconnected with science, amongst which are "Observations on Poetry, especially the Epic," occasioned by Glovers Leonidas; and an account of the ancient ode, which appeared in a preface to West's Pindar.—F. C. W.
PEMBLE, William, a distinguished puritan divine, who was born about 1591 at Egerton in Kent, and was educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, and Magdalen hall, where he was reader and tutor. He entered orders, and Wood says of him that he was "a zealous Calvinist, a famous preacher, an excellent artist, a skilful linguist, a good orator, an expert mathematician, and an ornament to the society to which he belonged." His career was early closed by his death at Eastington in Gloucestershire, April 14th, 1623. His works were all published after his decease, first separately, and then collectively, 1635. They consist of sermons and various theological and learned dissertations in English and Latin.—B. H. C.
PEMBROKE, Anne, Countess of. See Clifford.
PEMBROKE, William, Earl of. See Herbert.
PENCZ or PENS, Georg, a distinguished German painter, born at Nuremberg about 1500, and a scholar of Albert Dürer. He was also a good engraver, having studied under Marcantonio in Italy. Some of the copies by Pencz, after the prints of this Italian engraver, are occasionally passed off as originals, though his works generally bear his initials, G. P.; they range in their dates between 1530-50. Pencz executed a few religious pieces, but is best known as a painter by his portraits, which are executed in a broad manner, but coarsely coloured. In his earlier works he was a follower of Dürer; in his later he attempted to master the Italian manner, imitating the style of Raphael. He died at Breslau in 1550.—(Sandrart, Lipowsky.)—R. N. W.
PENN, Granville, the author of several learned works, was the youngest son of Thomas Penn, the son of the founder of Pennsylvania. He was born in New Street, Spring Gardens, on the 9th December, 1761. His earliest publications, "Critical remarks on Isaiah," 4to, and "Remarks on the Eastern origin of mankind, and of the arts of cultivated life," appeared in 1799. He was appointed to a clerkship in the war office, from which he ultimately retired with a pension of £550. In 1834 he succeeded to the family estates on the death of his brother, John Penn. He died at an advanced age on the 28th September, 1844. A noticable feature in his will is the bequest of £3000 per annum to his son and his heirs for the term of five hundred years, out of the annuity of £4000 granted by act of parliament (30 Geo. III.) to the Penn family for losses they had sustained in America.—R. H.
PENN, Sir William, Admiral, was born at Bristol on the 23rd April, 1621, the son of Giles Penn, the master of a merchantman, in which the boy William was trained with paternal vigilance to be an excellent seaman. He was still young when he entered the royal navy, where his advance was extremely rapid. In 1642, at the age of twenty-one, he was made captain, and on the appointment of Lord Warwick by the parliament to the command of the Irish fleet in opposition to Sir John Pennington, the king's admiral, Penn obtained command of a ship under Warwick, and proved himself one of the most able and active cruisers in the service of the parliament. In Whitelock's memorials occur frequent notices of his captures, such as—"Captain Penn took four vessels from the rebels;" "Three French ships taken by Penn;" "Penn come in with five ships." At twenty-three he was made rear-admiral, at twenty-five vice-admiral in the Irish sea, and at twenty-nine vice-admiral of the Straits. When Oliver Cromwell sent Monk and Blake against the Dutch, Penn's seamanship was in requisition, and his ability was so conspicuous that the Protector, having humbled Holland, gave Penn, who bore him no love personally, the command of an expedition sent against the Spanish possessions in the West Indies in 1655. Penn, with an eye to the future, had been in secret correspondence with the exiled Stewarts, and on his return from the West Indies, though he had taken Jamaica, Cromwell sent him to the Tower. He sued for pardon and was set at liberty, but only to recommence his intrigues. In 1660 he declared for Charles at the right moment, helped to bring over
