phiæ rationalis, methodo mathematico demonstrata," 1747; also, "Arithmetica mechanica."—P. E. D.
KNUTZEN, KNUZEN, or CNUZEN, Mathias, a sceptical philosopher of the seventeenth century, was born in Holstein. After studying at Königsberg, he set out as a minister of the gospel, but speedily sank into scepticism and atheism. He appears to have moved from place to place, spreading his pernicious doctrines. He endeavoured to found a sect whose supreme law was conscience and reason, and which repudiated all other authority, human and divine. His only known writings are a letter dated from Rome, and two dialogues, expounding his impious principles. He died after 1674; but in what year or place is unknown.—B. H. C.
KOBELL, Ferdinand, a good German landscape painter, was born at Mannheim in 1740, and was sent by the Elector Karl Theodor in 1768-70 to Paris, to study his art; and on his return to Mannheim the elector appointed him his cabinet painter. In 1793 Kobell removed to Munich, where he died in 1799. His landscapes have great merit, and he was also a very industrious etcher. A Catalogue published by Baron von Stengel in 1822, describes two hundred and sixty-seven prints by Kobell.—R. N. W.
KOBELL, Franz, the younger brother of Ferdinand, born at Mannheim in 1749, was also a landscape painter of merit; and in 1776 the same elector, Karl Theodor, who befriended his brother, sent Franz to Rome, where he remained nine years. His works consist chiefly of pen drawings, tinted with sepia, and he was so industrious that they exceed it is said ten thousand in number. He died at Munich in 1822. A memoir of him by his friend Speth, the accomplished writer on Italian art, was inserted in the German Kunstblatt of that year.—R. N. W.
* KOBELL, Franz von, a distinguished German mineralogist and poet, was born on the 19th July, 1803, at Munich, where since 1846 he holds the chair of mineralogy. He has written a number of valuable scientific works, but enjoys a much, wider reputation by his inimitable poems in the dialects of Upper Bavaria and the Palatinate.—K. E.
KOBELL, Hendrik, Dutch painter, was born at Rotterdam in 1751. The son of a merchant, he was brought up to commerce, and in that pursuit accompanied his father to England, but on his return to Amsterdam in 1768 he took to painting. So rapid was his progress that in 1770 he was elected member of the Amsterdam Academy. Later he settled at Rotterdam. Hendrik Kobell's best pictures are marine subjects, especially naval fights, which he painted with great spirit. Many of them have been engraved, mostly in mezzotint, but some in aquatint. He also painted landscapes, made numerous tinted drawings, and etched a few plates. He died in 1782.—J. T—e.
KOBELL, Jan, son of the above, was born at Utrecht in 1782, the year of his father's death. He was brought up in the orphan asylum till he was of age to be placed with Van der Wal, the animal and landscape painter. He adopted the same line of art as his master, but took as his model Paul Potter, whom he approached more nearly than any other of his imitators. His paintings of animals were in great request during his life, and they have become more so since his death. He was a member of the Institute of the Netherlands, and in 1812 received the gold medal of the Exposition at Paris. There are a few plates of animals etched by him. He died in 1814.—J. T—e.
KOBELL, Wilhelm von, an eminent German painter, son of Ferdinand Kobell, was born at Mannheim in 1766. From his father he learned the rudiments of his art, completing his training in the Düsseldorf academy. He settled in Munich, became famous f or his battle-pieces and landscapes with animals, was in 1808 nominated professor in the Munich academy, and in 1816 was ennobled. He was much patronized by the king, Maximilian Joseph, and his successor Ludwig, for whom he painted several of his best pictures. He died at Munich in 1853.—J. T—e.
KOBURGER or COBURGER, Antonius, a German printer, who practised his art at Nuremberg, and died in 1513. He also had an establishment at Lyons. His trade both as printer and bookseller appears to have been very large for the time. It is said he employed a hundred workmen at twenty-four presses. In correcting the press he secured the services of first-rate scholars, who succeeded in making his editions very accurate. He published various Latin bibles after 1471, and these are very highly commended.—B. H. C.
KOCH, Christoph Wilhelm von, a celebrated historical and political writer, was born, 9th May, 1737, at Buchsweiler, Alsatia, which at that time formed part of the principality of Hesse-Darmstadt. Carefully educated by his father he proceeded to the university of Strasburg, where he studied law under the celebrated Schöpflin, and soon distinguished himself so much that he became his master's assistant in his literary labours. The "Historia Zaringo-Badensis," which goes under Schöpflin's name, with the exception of the first volume, was written by Koch, who likewise completed his master's "Alsatia Diplomatica" and "Alsaticarum Rerum Scriptores." After the death of Schöpflin, Koch, although he did not at once succeed him in his chair, continued his lectures, and excelled as a most efficient and highly popular teacher of history and politics. He was even created a knight of the empire by Joseph II. In 1789 he was sent to Paris by the Alsatian protestants in order to defend their political and religious rights, a task in which he eminently succeeded. He was then chosen a member of the legislative assembly, in which, by his steady opposition to the reigning party, he made himself so obnoxious that he was imprisoned for eleven months. After an agitated period of public life he was glad to return to Strasburg, where he exclusively devoted himself to his literary pursuits, and in 1810 was appointed rector of the university which owed him so many and great obligations. He died on the 29th October, 1813. Among his works we note his "Tableau des Revolutions de l'Europe," his "Abrégé de l'histoire des traités de paix depuis la paix de Westphalie," and his "Tables Généalogiques des maisons souveraines de l'est et du nord de l'Europe." New and corrected editions of these works have been published by his most distinguished pupil, Schöll.—(See Life of Koch by Schweighäuser.)—K. E.
KOCH, Joseph Anton, one of the most distinguished of modern German landscape painters, was born in 1768 in the neighbourhood of Augsburg, where he was placed with a landscape painter by Bishop Umgelder, vicar-general of that city. The same patron sent him afterwards to the academy of Stuttgardt. Koch went when still young to Rome, where he married a Roman girl and settled; and he was long the centre of German art-society in the Eternal city. He died there, 12th January, 1839. He loved the genuine and poetical landscape, and often composed himself the scenes he painted. He executed many fine alpine views taken during his summer vacations. There are also many figure subjects by him. His works are generally excellent; his weakest point being colour. He painted in fresco as well as oil; in the Villa Massimi are some fresco illustrations of Dante by him. He was also an etcher of considerable skill, and among his works of this class are twenty-four plates illustrating the Argonautic expedition, from original designs by Carstens.—(Nagler, Künstler Lexicon.)—R. N. W.
* KOCH, Karl Heinrich Emanuel, naturalist and traveller, born at Weimar, 1809. After studying at the universities of Würtzburg and Jena, he undertook in 1836 a journey through the southern provinces of Russia. He completed this in 1838, but made a second journey in 1843. In 1839 Koch was appointed professor of botany at the university of Jena. He is the author of several important works, amongst which we may mention his "Journey to the Isthmus of Caucasus across Russia;" his "Travels in the East;" "The Natural System of Plants as exhibited in the Flora of Jena," &c.—W. B—d.
KOCH, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph, an eminent German botanist, was born at Kusel, near Deux-Ponts, on 5th March, 1771, and died at Erlangen on 14th November, 1849. He studied medicine at Jena and Marburg, and for some time practised as a medical man. His attention was ultimately directed to botany, and he was professor of that science in the university of Erlangen from 1824 until his death. He published memoirs on European willows, on the labiate plants, and on umbelliferæ: but his most important work is the "Synopsis Floræ Germanicæ et Helveticæ," which has gone through several editions. His knowledge of European plants was surpassed by few.—J. H. B.
KOCHANOWSKI, John, a Polish poet of the sixteenth century, born in 1532. He studied in Germany and France, and visited Italy, after which he refused offers of service under government, and gave himself to literature. As a poet his success gained for him the name of the Polish Pindar. He translated the Psalms into Polish verse, and wrote other poems both in Polish and Latin. He died in 1584.—B. H. C.
* KOCK (Charles), Paul de, who has been called "the Smollett of France," was born at Passy les Pairs on the 21st
