was the younger brother of Giuliano da San Gallo. Like him he was brought up as a carver in wood, and executed several large crucifixes for churches, which were much admired; but he gave up that art to become his brother's assistant. In that capacity he went to Rome, and having attracted the notice of Pope Alexander VI., was employed by him to convert the mausoleum of Hadrian into a fortress—the present castle of St. Angelo. He was then employed by the same pope to erect the fortress of Civita Castellana, and other works. Subsequently he designed the fortresses of Montefiascone and Arezzo, and was appointed superintendent of the fortresses of Florence. His principal civil works were the beautiful church of the Madonna at Monte Pulciano; a building for the Servite monks at Florence; a palace and loggia at Monte Sansovino; and a palace at Monte Pulciano. He died in 1534.—J. T—e.
SAN GALLO, Antonio da, the younger, nephew of the preceding, was born about 1480. He was the son of Bartolommeo Picconi, a cooper of Mugello, and was brought up as a carpenter; but went to Rome, where his uncles were then employed, became their pupil, and adopted their name. He afterwards became assistant to Bramante. By the Cardinal Farnese he was employed to rebuild the family palace in the Campo di Fiore, and to erect a new one at Gradoli. He also built the Ferratino palace, and others for the Cardinal di Monte, the Cardinal Rimini, the bishop of Cervia, &c. After the death of Bramante, the resignation of his uncle, and the death of Peruzzi, Antonio da San Gallo was appointed architect to St. Peter's, and made a model on a large scale for completing the work. Very little, however, was done towards carrying it into execution during San Gallo's life, and at his death it was wholly abandoned. It was a design of great boldness of character, but wanting in grandeur and simplicity of mass. For Paul III. San Gallo rebuilt a considerable portion of the Vatican; and for his son, Pier-Luigi, duke of Castro, he built, at the instance of the pope, a fortress, the palace of the Osteria, the mint, and several other buildings at Castro of a very costly description; all of which, with the city itself, have since been destroyed. To the last he continued to be employed also in military engineering, constructing among others works at Montefiascone, Ancona, Parma, Piacenza, Perugia, &c. Indeed, both as architect and military engineer, Antonio da San Gallo was one of the ablest and most distinguished men of his time and country. His Farnese palace is the standard work of its class. He died at Terni, October, 1546.—J. T—e.
SAN GALLO, Giuliano da, an eminent Italian architect and military engineer, was born at Florence in 1443. He was the son of Francesco di Bartolo Giamberti, an architect of standing in his day, and much employed by Cosimo de' Medici. Giuliano was, however, brought up as a wood carver; but having been recommended to the notice of Lorenzo de' Medici, who was then much in want of military engineers, as a person of intelligence and resolution, he was sent by that prince to Castellana, then besieged by the duke of Calabria, to construct new bastions and to improve the working of the artillery. In this novel employment Giuliano succeeded to the entire satisfaction of Lorenzo, and he was led by his success to the resolution of adopting as his profession architecture and engineering, then commonly practised together. What instruction he received is not stated, but most likely he learned at least the rudiments of architecture from his father. His first building, the fore-court of the monastery of Cestello, excited much admiration, chiefly on account of the introduction of an Ionic order, with some peculiarities copied from an ancient example then newly discovered. His next important work was a magnificent palace at Poggio-a-Cajano for Lorenzo de' Medici, who also intrusted to him the fortification of the Poggio Imperiale, on the road to Rome, and the numerous edifices connected with it. Another great work for the same patron was a large monastery outside the gate of San Gallo. Lorenzo took great interest in this work, and named his architect from it da San Gallo—a name thenceforward adopted both by Giuliano and his brother. The monastery of San Gallo was not completed at the death of Lorenzo, and it was entirely destroyed at the siege of Florence in 1530. The Gondi palace at Florence, and the Delia Rovere palace at Savona (now a convent), were considered fine examples of Giuliano's skill in that kind of structure, in which his reputation was so great that he was invited to make designs for palaces for the king of Naples and the duke of Milan. When the Cardinal Delia Rovere was elected pope, as Julius II., he summoned San Gallo to Rome, and appointed him superintendent of the works at St. Peter's; but the plans of Bramante for completing that structure being preferred, San Gallo quitted Rome in disgust. Later, on the death of Bramante and under a new pope, San Gallo was recalled and nominated architect to St. Peter's, but declined the charge on account of his age and failing health. The church of the Madonna at Prato, the roof of the church of Sta. Maria Maggiore, and the palace of San Pietro in Vincoli, were other of his principal buildings. Among his works in military engineering were fortifications at Ostia, at Pisa, at Rome, &c. Giuliano da San Gallo died at Florence in 1517. He left a son, Francesco, who was a sculptor of some note in his day, and the designer of the monuments of Piero de' Medici at Monte Cassino, and of Bishop Angelo de' Medici in the church of the Annunciation at Florence.—J. T—e.
SAN MICHELE, Micheli, an eminent Italian architect, was born at Verona in 1484. His father and his uncle were both architects, and Micheli was educated by them till about sixteeen, when he was sent to complete his studies at Rome. Here he early distinguished himself, and whilst still very young was appointed to direct the rebuilding of S. Domenico at Orvieto, and soon after built the cathedral of Montefiascone; he also erected many private houses in both these cities. Clement VII., on his election, took San Michele into his service, and directed him, with Antonio San Gallo, to make a tour of inspection of the fortresses in the papal states. This and the works arising out of the examination being completed, San Michele entered the service of the Venetian republic, for which he executed many military works of great importance—at Verona, at Legnano and Porto on the Adige, Orzi-Nuovo in the Bresciano, various places in Dalmatia, Cyprus, Canea, Candia, Napoli di Romania, and Corfu. But the greatest work he executed for the republic was the fortress on the Lido, at the mouth of the port of Venice, a work which, in consequence of the extreme difficulty of forming a foundation on the marshy point of land over which the sea continually washed, was at first regarded as impracticable, and when constructed was generally looked upon as a triumph of engineering skill. The fortification of his native city, Verona, was another task on which San Michele justly prided himself. Here, even more than in his other military works, he united architectural character and beauty with defensive strength; the gates of Verona being, indeed, reckoned among the finest of his buildings. His gates at Legnano, Peschiera, Brescia, &c., were also much admired. San Michele was one of the greatest of the military engineers of his time. He was considered to have carried defensive architecture to its limits, and the invention of the triangular and pentangular bastion is ascribed to him. As an architect he was equally esteemed by his contemporaries. His works are perhaps less highly valued now, but they are noble in style, and display much original power. Among his civil and ecclesiastical buildings are numbered several palaces, churches, and monasteries—Verona being especially rich in his works. Of his ecclesiastical edifices, the most famous are the Capella Guareschi (now the Pelegrini), in the church of San Bernardino, Verona, and the church of the Madonna di Campagna. His most noted palaces are the Cornaro and the Grimani, on the Grand Canal, Venice; the Bevilacqua, the Canossa, and the Lazzevoli (now the Pompei) at Verona; and the Saranzi, near Castel-Franco, one of his most beautiful works, enriched with noble frescoes by Paolo Veronese, but now wholly destroyed. San Michele was treated with great honour by the senate of Venice, and by the citizens of his native place. He held the office of director of the fortifications of Venice, and with him was united, as coadjutor, a favourite nephew and pupil, Giovan-Girolamo, whom indeed he had adopted as his son. The unexpected death of this nephew from exposure to the sun in the unhealthy climate of Cyprus, which island he had been directed to fortify, gave so great a shock to San Michele that he died a few days after receiving the news, in 1559.—J. T—e.
* SAN MIGUEL, Evarista, a Spanish general, was born in 1780, and was an officer in the army at Cadiz during the insurrection of 1812, and a member of the cortes of that city till the definite restoration of Ferdinand, when he became one of the editors of the Espectador. He took an active part in the insurrection of Riego, and in 1822 he became minister for foreign affairs, distinguishing himself by his brave resistance to pressure from other powers. When the second French invasion took place, he served on the staff of the renowned General Mina, was taken prisoner, and on being released, resided in England until the
