the purpose of getting printed some treatises which he had composed in his retirement, he was persuaded to resume his class for teaching philosophy, and afterwards became the first professor of civil law in that city. He was earnestly importuned by the regent Mar and by George Buchanan to return to his native country, but declined to leave his peaceful retreat at Geneva, and died there about the end of 1572. Scrimzeor was the author of a history of Francis Spira, of an edition of a Greek translation of the Novellæ Constitutiones of Justinian, and of many critical notes upon Strabo, Polybius, and other classical writers. He was one of the most learned men of his age, and was highly eulogized by Thuanus, Casaubon, Cujas, and other distinguished contemporaries.—J. T.
SCRIVEN, Edward, an eminent engraver in the chalk and stipple manner, was born at Alcester, Warwickshire, in 1775. He was a pupil of Robert Thew, and after quitting him continued to engrave in the style of his master. Scriven at first executed a few plates for Boydell; he was afterwards employed by the Dilettanti Society in engraving their "Specimens of Ancient Sculpture." Most of his subsequent prints were executed for publishers as illustrations of costly books. One of his most extensive series of plates was "The Beauties of the Court of Charles II.," after Lely. He was in his manner an excellent engraver, refined in style, careful in finish, and admirable in expression. As a man he was much esteemed, and he deserves remembrance as the most active and zealous of the founders of that useful institution the Artists' Fund. He died August 23, 1841.—J. T—e.
SCROGGS, Sir William, Lord Chief-justice of the king's bench, the predecessor of Jeffreys in judicial infamy, is sometimes said to have been the son of a butcher; but his father was really a gentleman of Oxfordshire, in which county, at Deddington, he was born in 1623. Educated at Oxford for the church, he joined Charles' army on the outbreak of the civil war, and contracting dissolute habits, went to the bar. A comely and witty man, he was successful with juries, but detested by Hale. Introduced by the infamous Chiffinch to Charles II., he pleased the "merry monarch" by his licentious conversation, and was recommended to Danby as an unscrupulous man, who might be useful if he were seated on the bench. In 1676, accordingly, he was knighted, and made a justice of the common pleas. Loud and eloquent in circuit against the country party, Scroggs fulfilled the hopes which had been formed of him; and his manœuvres, aided by Chiffinch, effected the dismissal of Raynsford from the chief-justiceship of the king's bench, to which he was raised in 1678. Finding that it was the policy of the government to outbid Shaftesbury in a pretended zeal for protestantism, he joined in the popular clamour against the Popish plot, and on the bench played into the hands of Oates and company, thus becoming the favourite of the people. After a time Scroggs began to suspect that Charles had been merely feigning; and wheeling round, he sneered and browbeat the anti-papist informers with such vehemence that he was nearly torn in pieces by the mob. It was Scroggs who discharged the Middlesex grand jury, before which, at the instance of Shaftesbury, the duke of York, afterwards James II., was accused of popish recusancy. In revenge Shaftesbury had him impeached, November-December, 1680, but the parliament was suddenly dissolved. His reputation had fallen so low, however, that the government feared he might do more harm than good if he presided at the trials of the whigs, whose prosecution they contemplated. A supersedeas accordingly was issued, and, to the general joy, Scroggs ceased to be chief-justice. He retired with a small pension to Weald Hall, near Brentwood, Essex, where, having been shunned by everybody, and with a constitution broken down by dissolute habits, he died unregretted in October, 1683.—F. E.
SCUDERI, George de, was born at Hâvre-de-Grace in 1601. Originally brought up to the military profession, he abandoned it in 1630 for literary pursuits, principally cultivating the drama. He was at first unsuccessful, but gradually acquired popularity, and was so fortunate as to win the favour of Cardinal Richelieu. In 1650 he was admitted a member of the French Academy. He died at Paris on the 14th May, 1667. His plays, although at one time greatly admired, and even by many considered equal to those of Corneille, are devoid of special merit, and have long ago been deservedly forgotten.—J. J.
SCUDERI, Madelène de, the sister of the preceding, was born in 1607. Like her brother, she enjoyed in her own day an extraordinary renown. It was as a romance-writer that she chiefly distinguished herself. Among her more famous works may be mentioned "Ibraham, ou l'Illustre Bassa," in 4 vols.; "Artamène, ou le Grand Cyrus," in 10 vols.; "Clélie, Histoire Romaine," also in 10 vols.; and "Almahide, ou l'Esclave Reine," in 8 vols. These long-winded and indifferent romances, strange to say, were received with well-nigh universal admiration. The secret of such success was that they reflected the spirit of the age, and reproduced pretty faithfully all the empty gallantry, puerility, and absurdity which then characterized the fashionable society of France. As intellectual creations they are comparatively worthless. Mademoiselle de Scudéri had pensions from Cardinal Mazarin and Louis XIV., and likewise from Queen Christina of Sweden, who used to correspond with her. She died at the advanced age of ninety-four, 2nd June, 1701.—J. J.
SCYLAX (Σκυλαξ)| an Asiatic geographer and traveller, is believed to have been born in the island of Caryanda, during the latter part of the sixth century, b.c. The narrative of his first voyage along the shores of the Mediterranean, is still extant; that of another voyage, which he undertook by order of Darius the son of Hystaspes, king of Persia, to explore the coast of the Indian ocean, has been lost.—W. J. M. R.
SCYLITZA, Joannes, a Byzantine historian of some value, is said to have been of Thracian origin. He early entered the imperial service at Constantinople, and rose to the dignity of grand chamberlain. His history extends from 811-1081, the period at which he himself flourished. Its remarkable coincidence with the work of Cedrenus has led to doubts as to which of the two was the original writer. It seems probable, however, that Cedrenus, a professed compiler, copied from Scylitza.—G.
SCYMNUS, of Chios, of uncertain date, wrote a geographical poem or periegesis, describing the chief features of the then known world. A Greek poem of about one thousand iambic lines is still extant under his name, but it is probably not the genuine work of Scymnus. It has slender poetic merit, but is not without interest from the account it gives of various Greek colonies, and its description of the commercial products of distant regions.—G.
SEABURY, Samuel, D.D., first bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States, was born at Groton in 1728, the son of the Rev. Samuel Seabury, missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and rector of New London, Connecticut. Dr. Seabury graduated at Yale college in 1748, and then proceeded to Scotland, where he combined the study of theology with that of medicine. Receiving ordination, he returned to America, and settled at New Brunswick as missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. In 1756 he removed, in the same capacity, to Jamaica, and thence in 1766 to Westchester, where, in addition to clerical duty, he taught a classical school. There, when the American revolution arrived, he wrote several pamphlets, pseudonymously, in support of the English crown, and in consequence suffered imprisonment. After the Declaration of independence he removed to New York when it was entered by the British troops, and officiated as chaplain to a regiment, practising medicine the while to support his family. In March, 1783, having been elected bishop by the episcopal clergy of Connecticut, in which state he had become rector of New London, he went to England and applied for consecration. His application failed, the taking of the oath of allegiance being thought indispensable without an act of parliament, and in procuring it there were difficulties in the way. In August, 1784, accordingly, he made a similar and a successful application to the bishops of the Scottish Episcopal church, and was consecrated at Aberdeen on the 14th November, 1784. In the spring of the following year he returned to New London, of which place, while discharging his episcopal duties, he remained rector until his death in 1796. He published in 1791 (a third volume being added in 1798) two volumes of "Discourses on several subjects," said, like his labours in the early conventions of the church for the new arrangements connected with the liturgy, &c., to display "vigour and earnestness."—F. E.
SEATON, John Colborne, first Baron, Field-marshal, G.C.B., was born in 1776, and was the son of Samuel Colborne, Esq., of Lyndhurst. Educated at Winchester, he entered the army as an ensign in 1794, and served with it in North Holland in 1799, in Egypt in 1801; was in 1806-7 military secretary to General Fox, commander of the forces in Sicily and the Mediterranean, and afterwards to Sir John Moore in Sicily, Sweden, Portugal, and Spain. He joined Wellington's
