tion in Sass's art-school, he became a student in the Royal Academy; afterwards studied for a short time in Italy, and then spent four years in Paris, where he frequented the atelier of Delaroche, and associated with Bonington. He returned to England in 1828. Accustomed to dogs and horses from childhood, he had added to his familiarity with their forms and habits a thoroughly artistic skill in representing them, and also a facility in drawing the human figure. His hunting and sporting scenes speedily acquired popularity. He was elected associate of the old Society of Painters in Water Colours, and member in 1835. Since then his brilliant, though somewhat sketchy pictures, have been among the leading attractions of the gallery, and his eminent position was recognized by his election as president of the society in 1857. Mr. Taylor's special distinction is as a painter of the Scottish Highlands, with the native lads and lasses, keepers and gillies, deer, dogs and ponies, and, not least, the lochs and mountains, all of which he delineates with a light free hand, and hearty relish. Another large class consists of hunting and hawking scenes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He has also painted many illustrations from Scott and the Vicar of Wakefield; but generally his subjects are original. Mr. Tayler has published a volume of facsimiles of his sketches in chromo-lithography, and made a few book-illustrations. Several of his larger pictures have been engraved.—J. T—e.
* TAYLOR, Alfred Swaine, professor of medical jurisprudence and chemistry in Guy's hospital, was born in the first decade of the present century. He received his medical education at Guy's, and became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1828, and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1830. Early in his career he directed his attention principally to chemistry and to matters connected with forensic medicine, and in 1836 published the first volume of a work entitled "Elements of Medical Jurisprudence." This was not completed, but he shortly after brought out, under the form of one of Churchill's Manuals, his "Medical Jurisprudence," a book which has passed through seven editions, and is regarded both by the legal and medical professions as an authority. One of the principal additions to toxicological science due to Professor Taylor is the introduction into medico-legal analysis of Reinsch's process for the separation of arsenic and some other metals, and especially its use for the detection of absorbed arsenic. That this mode of investigation is in many instances capable of yielding most trustworthy results cannot be doubted; but that it is not always appropriate, and that without due precaution as to the purity of the materials it may lead to grave error, has been proved in the case of Smethurst who was tried for the murder of Isabella Bankes in 1859. Dr. Taylor is also the author of a separate treatise on poisons, of which a second edition appeared in 1859, and which is a valuable manual of toxicological science. His medico-legal practice and experience have been very great, he having been called as a skilled witness in most of the recent causes célèbres; amongst others, in the case of William Palmer, tried in 1856, and in the recent case of Catherine Wilson. In 1848 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and a fellow in 1853. In the previous year he received an honorary degree of M.D. from the university of St. Andrews. He is F.R.S., and has held the office of examiner in chemistry in the university of London. As a lecturer Dr. Taylor has a deservedly high reputation. He is the author of many papers in the Guy's Hospital Reports, and in various medical periodicals. In conjunction with Dr. Owen Rees, he has edited the third and fourth editions of Pereira's Materia Medica; and he has lately brought out a valuable work on chemistry in conjunction with Professor Brande. He is also the author of several minor scientific publications, amongst which is "A Thermometrical Table on the Scales of Fahrenheit, Centigrade, and Reaumur, with explanatory letterpress," 8vo and folio, 1845.—F. C. W.
* TAYLOR, Bayard, a popular American writer, is a native of Pennsylvania, and was born in 1825. At a very early age he turned his attention to literature, and when he was only eighteen he wrote a long poem on an incident in Spanish history. In the following year he visited Great Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and France, and on his return home in 1846, he published an account of his travels under the title of "Views Afoot, or Europe seen with knapsack and statl'." He then became connected with the New York Tribune, and in 1848-49 was the Californian correspondent of that journal. He has since visited Egypt, Syria, Africa, Asia Minor, Sicily, and Spain in the same capacity. At the present time (1863) he holds the situation of American charge de affairs at St. Petersburg. Mr. Taylor is the author of a considerable number of popular works, among which may be mentioned—"El Dorado;" "Life and Landscapes from Egypt;" "Pictures of Palestine;" "Japan, India, and China;" "Eastern Poems," &c.—J. T.
TAYLOR, Brook, LL.D, an eminent English mathematician, was born at Edmonton in Middlesex, on the 18th of August, 1685, and died in London on the 29th of December, 1731. He studied with distinction at Cambridge; and being a man of independent fortune, was able to give his whole attention to science, literature, and the fine arts. In 1712 he became a fellow of the Royal Society, and from 1714 till 1718 he was the secretary of that body. He is considered to have been the most able mathematician amongst the immediate successors of Newton in England. The theorem in the Differential Calculus, which is still known by his name, was one of the greatest discoveries ever made in mathematics; it first appeared in his "Methodus Incrementorum," published in 1715. He investigated amongst other subjects the problem of vibrating chords, and the phenomena of capillary attraction.—W. J. M. R.
* TAYLOR, Henry, poet and thinker, is now (1863) a senior clerk in the colonial office. He had published in 1827 "Isaac Comnenus," a historical drama, or dramatic poem, when in 1834 he won the suffrages of a high class of readers and critics of poetry by his "Philip van Artevelde," a dramatic romance, the very length of which showed that it was meant for the closet, not for the stage. Blending a deep dramatic interest with a grave philosophy, and written in pure and nervous English, "Philip van Artevelde" at once took rank as a sterling work of poetic art. In 1836 appeared Mr. Taylor's best-known prose work, "The Statesman," a series of thoughtful essays on the duties and details of high official life. Published at a time when party warfare and politics seemed identical, it had the merit of aiming, to quote the author's own words, at "directing the attention of thoughtful men from the forms of government to the business of governing," and at inculcating the great, though neglected truth, that "the government of the country should become a nucleus at which the best wisdom in the country contained shall be perpetually forming itself in deposit." The following is a list, in chronological order, of Mr. Taylor's other works—"The Eve of the Conquest, and other Poems," 1847; "Notes from Life," 1847; "Notes from Books," 1849; "The Virgin Widow," a play, 1850; "Edwin the Fair," a historical drama, 1852; "St. Clement's Eve," a play, 1862.—F. E.
TAYLOR, Isaac, a writer in the departments of christian history and intellectual philosophy, was born August 17, 1787, at Lavenham, Suffolk. Isaac Taylor, the father, was one of the three sons of Isaac Taylor, an artist eminent in his line in the last century. The eldest of these was Charles Taylor, remembered as the translator and editor of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible, and as the learned author of the Fragments which were thereto attached. Josiah was an eminent and successful publisher. Isaac Taylor, father of the subject of this notice, followed the arts, and his name appears among those of the most eminent in the costly works conducted by the Boydells. Later in life he joined the christian ministry, and had charge of congregations at Colchester and afterwards at Ongar. Isaac, eldest son of the above-named, and brother of Anne and Jane, after receiving his early education, chiefly at home, was allowed by his father to carry it on in his own way with as close application to studies as was compatible with attention to his profession as an artist—not as an engraver, but draughtsman. His health failing while engaged professionally in a dissecting-room in London, he spent several years with his sisters in the west of England, and at length, while an inmate of his father's house at Ongar, commenced his literary career as a stated contributor to the Eclectic Review in 1818. His first distinct literary production was an elementary work on mental philosophy, entitled "Elements of Thought," which has gone through several editions. On the death of his sister Jane he published a "Memoir," and edited some of her writings. About this time he settled at Standford Rivers, where, with his family, he resided till his death. Two years afterwards he published the "History of the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times," and the "Process of Historical Proof"—both valuable contributions to biblical science, which in 1860 were revised and republished by the author in one volume. In 1829 appeared his translation
