that are expressions of the nicest operations of our minds, were originally borrowed from the objects of external perception—a circumstance highly curious in the history of language, consequently, in the history of the human mind itself, and the complete demonstration of which of course reflects great credit upon its author. What he thinks he has proved is, that the etymological history of words is our true guide, both as to the present import of the words themselves, and as to the nature of those things which they are intended to signify—a proposition so monstrous that he has nowhere ventured to enunciate it in its general form, but has rather left it to be collected from the general tenour of his remarks upon particular instances." The best recent edition of the "Diversions of Purley" is that of Mr. Richard Taylor, with notes; London, 1840.—F. E.
TOOKE, William, a literary clergyman, was born in the neighbourhood of London, 18th January, 1744, and educated at a private academy at Islington. He was originally trained as a printer, but he was ordained in 1771 by the bishop of London, and shortly afterwards became minister of the English church at Cronstadt. In 1774 he removed to a similar and more lucrative situation at St. Petersburg, which he held for eighteen years. Succeeding to some property, he returned to England in 1792, and died in London, 17th November, 1820. Tooke was the author of several works—a "History of Russia;" "Life of the Empress Catherine II.," 3 vols. 8vo; a "View of the Roman Empire," 3 vols. 8vo; and a miscellany called "Varieties of Literature." He translated the works of Lucian and the sermons of Zollikofter. He was also coeditor with Nares and Beloe of the General Biographical Dictionary in fifteen volumes, the first five volumes being his portion of the work.—J. E.
TOPLADY, Augustine Montague, the eminent polemic, was born at Farnham, Surrey, 4th November, 1740. He was educated at Westminster school, and studied at Trinity college, Dublin, his widowed mother having gone to Ireland to recover some property. A small volume of poems was published by him when he was but a youth; Dublin, 1759. He obtained orders in 1762, and for a short time held the rectory of Blagdon in Somersetshire. In 1768 he entered on the vicarage of Broad-Hembury, near Honiton, and held it till his death. His diary at this time shows his diligence in study, and minutely portrays the spiritual exercises through which he passed. His health, never very robust, was seriously injured by the moist air of Devonshire, and he removed to London in 1775. At the earnest entreaty of his friends, he began to preach in the French Calvinist church. Orange Street, Leicester Fields, a work which he continued during the brief remainder of his life. His disease, which was consumption, was accelerated by his continuous study and his intensity of feeling, and he died 11th August, 1778, in the thirty-eighth year of his age. Toplady was a man of singular acuteness and power; ardent and exact in his convictions, unshrinking in the utterance of them, and zealous and indefatigable in their defence. Calvinism was his idol, and he sacrificed health and life to it. The opponent whom he singled out and ever loved to do battle with was John Wesley, to whom he was unquestionably a very formidable antagonist. Toplady was noted also for his high-toned piety; his creed was nobly illustrated in his life—serenely crowned in his death. No enthusiast was he, though he held fast by "assurance;" the foundations of his faith and hope were clearly demonstrated. His works are—"Historical Proof of the Calvinism of the Church of England;" "The Church of England vindicated from the charge of Arminianism;" "The Doctrine of Absolute Predestination stated and asserted;" "The Doctrine of Christian and Philosophical Necessity Asserted," a translation of a Latin treatise of Zanchius; with numerous sermons, essays, and letters. Toplady is author of some beautiful and spiritual hymns. His works were collected in one volume octavo.—J. E.
TORDENSKIOLD, Vice-admiral of the Danish navy, and one of the most remakable naval commanders of modern times, was born at Trondhjem in Norway on the 28th October, 1691. Peter Wessel was his original name. Of obscure parentage, and in early youth bound apprentice to a tailor, it seemed unlikely enough that he should become the Scandinavian Nelson in after years. But the old Norse love of the sea was, in young Wessel's case, a passion too strong to be controlled; and, leaving his master, he went as a cabin-boy to Copenhagen. Subsequently making several voyages in the service of the East India Company, he gained such favourable notice as to receive the appointment of midshipman in the royal navy. From the year 1709, when war was declared by Denmark against Sweden, dates the grand career of this extraordinary sailor. After making many prizes in command of a privateer, from 1709 to 1711, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1712. Want of space compels us to hurry over a number of his achievements, which for dash and gallantry, combined with skill, have never been surpassed in naval annals. In 1715, when captain of a frigate, he principally contributed to destroy four Swedish ships of the line, besides several smaller vessels, a feat for which he was raised to the rank of commodore, and intrusted with the command of a squadron. Next year, on the 7th August, he gained a complete victory near the island of Rügen over the Swedish fleet. The battle of Dynekilen, in 1717, was a fresh trophy of success. Frederick IV., the same year, ennobled him by the name of Tordenskiold—"shield against thunder"—in token of his triumphs over the foes of Denmark. The very name of the hero now sufficed for victory. The fortress of Karlsteen in the Kattegat, hitherto deemed impregnable, surrendered almost at his summons, so great was the dread inspired by his previous wonderful exploits. At the conclusion of the war in 1720 he received permission from his sovereign to visit foreign countries; and it was shortly after, during this tour, that he met his lamentable death, being unfairly killed in a duel at Hanover, by the Swedish Colonel Stahl. His remains were conveyed to Copenhagen, and deposited in the Holmens Kirke, the pantheon of the naval heroes of Denmark. His melancholy fate has been made the subject of a tragedy by the Danish poet, Oehlenschläger.—J. J.
TORELLI, Giuseppe, an Italian mathematician, was born at Verona on the 3rd of November, 1721, and died there on the 18th of August, 1781. He studied at Padua with much distinction in literature as well as in science, and took the degree of doctor of laws. He was a man of independent fortune, and devoted himself entirely to the zealous cultivation of the Greek geometry. On his death he left behind him in MS. a very complete and accurate edition of the works of Archimedes, with a Latin translation. This work was bought, printed, and published by the university of Oxford, and is celebrated amongst mathematicians as the "Oxford Edition of Archimedes."—W. J. M. R.
TORELLI, Lelio or Lælio, of the same stock as the counts of Guastalla, author and editor of legal works; born at Fano on 28th October, 1489; died on 27th March, 1576. Head of the conspiracy which ejected Scanderbeg Comnena from the lordship of Fano; governor of Benevento; chancellor and chief secretary to Cosmo, first grand-duke of Florence, and to Francesco, his son; senator and patrician of Florence—Torelli survived all his many children, and died full of honours and of the esteem of his contemporaries. In conjunction with his own son, Francesco, he published a noble edition of the Pandects of Justinian, in which the peculiarities of the original Pisan-Florentine MS. are said to have been carefully reproduced.—C. G. R.
TORENO, José Maria Quiegro de Llana, Conde de, a Spanish statesman, born in 1786. In 1808 he sat in the junta at Ovieda as count of Matarrosa, and came to England to invoke the assistance of our government against Napoleon. At this time he made the acquaintance of Canning, Wilberforce, Sheridan, and other English statesmen. He was elected a deputy to the cortes a year before the legal age (1811), and took a leading part in framing the constitution of 1812, exerting himself to maintain the principle of a single chamber, and to limit the power of the king. On the return of Ferdinand in 1813, Toreño was condemned to death and his estates confiscated, but he escaped to London. After the revolution of 1820, he returned to Spain; but his liberalism being of a less advanced kind than that then in vogue, he fell into disrepute in the cortes, and his house was razed. Ferdinand would have made him prime minister, but at his instance Martinez de la Rosa was appointed instead. Upon the second invasion of the French he was again driven from Spain. His exile lasted ten years, and he devoted his leisure to the composition of his "Historia del Levantamiento, Guerra, y Revolution de España," In 1832, on the publication of the amnesty, he returned to Spain; and in 1834, after the promulgation of the Estatuto Real, he was appointed minister of finance under Martinez de la Rosa. In 1835 he succeeded this statesman as foreign minister, Mendizabel being minister of finance. The latter superseded Toreño in September of the same year, and at the dissolution which followed neither Toreño nor Martinez de la Rosa were returned to the cortes. On the
