Tin:
65 one of the three sons of Jesse
who
followed Saul
to light the Philistines in the valley of Elali (I
Sam.
Chron. viii. Xi), who was killed in the battle of Gillioa while lijrhtiujr 1 Chron. .. against the I'hilistines (I Sam. ..i. 2). He is also mentioned in the genealogical list of licMJamites living in Gibeon (1 Chron. ix. 39). See also Hkn Ai;i.n.)ab. G. B. L. xvii.
3.
i;i).
A
son
(jf
Saul
(I
'.';
ABINOAM
is Delight" or "Father of the nameoi' the Deity): Father of liarak; is mentioned in .Judges, iv. (i. I'i. v. 1, 12. In all the Greek versions the name is transliterated Abineem, e.xeept in the Akwandrine eo(le. (.ludges, 'I'liis is a name iv. 12). where it is given as labia. similar in eonslruilion to Ahinoam and Klnaani, and may be reiideri-d " .My father isdelight." The sulli.x ( with ' Ab ' is not the sign of theaneient eonstru<t or gerutive. but is the possessive ending of the tirst |)erson. Clieyne (" Ency. Bibl." ]). 1!») understands ,l/<(' in Ahinoam as referring to the Divine Father, and renders the name "The (Divine) Father is pleasantness"; but this is doubtful. I)i li^lil
All
('Father
may be
BlIiLIociRAPHV: Cray, wliert* iiiiiv t>e
Hebrew Proper Xamen,
un exrelleot discussion of compounds
pp.
wltli
SCI
f( sen.,
ah and ahi
found. .1.
D. P.
ABINU MALKENU
(IJD^D irSN OurFatherl Our King!): 'I'lic iiiilial worils and name of a jmrlion nf the liturgy recited with special solemnity on the I'cnitential Days from New Year to the Day of Atonement inclusive. In the ancient litmgy the two invocations, "Our Father" and "Our King." found separately in the Bible (Isa. l.xiii. Hi, l.xiv. 8: "Our Father!" also in the Itala version of Tobit. xiii. 4. anil Isa. xxxiii. 22: "Our King"), are either jilaccd together in rorresponding sentences, as in the Kight<'en Benedictions, the ti fill and he ninth, " Forgivi' us, ( lur Father, for we have sinned I'anlon us. Our King, for we have transgresscil " orsimply combined as in the jirayer known as "Ahabah Habbah " and in the Musif of the Festivals: "Our Father! ()ur King! Heveal the glory of Thy kingdom to us speedily " This ciimbination became a standing foror " Our God in mula, like " lur Fallar in Heaven Heaven!" parlicularly in penitential prayers. During a great drought the usual fast day was held, and the Twenty four lienediclions prescribed for such occasions were recited by Klic/.er ben Hyrcanus, yet without avail: but no sooner did .kiba step forth and recite the prayer, "Our Falherl Our King! Thou art our Father! Our Father! Our King! We have no King besides Tiled Our Father! Our King! We have sinned before Thee! Our Father! OurKing! Have niercv upon us! Our Falhcr! OurKing! Act unio us for Thy name's saki'!" than rain came (Ta'anil, 2.V<, according to the belter version in .Jacob ilin Habib's "V.n Vaakob"). This story by no means implies, as has be<'n assumed by many writers, llial Akiba was Ihc lirst to recite' the ".binu Malkenii," as i|uile the contrary is the case. That word of I
!
I
!
'
<
!
ileliance lo the
worldly
rulirs, "
We
have no King but
originated in cirelescif w liich .kiba was only Of how many a late Ihough a faithful follower. verses the orii;inal ".biiui Malkinu " prayer consist<'d it is dillicult to tell In our printed Talmud two versisonly are mintioni'd in the story of .kiba: .lfa-i has lhre<'. In all probability there was at lirst no IImiI nuinbirore rdiT. the arnmireinent being left entirely In the one who olTered the prayer on the occasion. The inlroduclion of llii' ".Miinii Malkenu " in the liturgy of the j'lnilenlial Davs laitunilly led lo certain clianges and toil more or less llxed system. Tiie
Thee!
Abin, Benedict
JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
Abiram
confession of sin received the tirst place, and ])rayers for the New Year, for an inscription the Book of Life, and (with a view lo the Day of Atonement) for an ius(ri|)tion in the Book of I'ardon and Forgiveness suggested themselves. Still, there remained a wide divergence in the various liturgies. According lo one tradition ("Tanya," p. 74) the "Abinii Malkenu " consisted originally of nineteen verses, corresjioniling w ilh the Nineteen Benedictions of the augmented ".Shemoneh 'Esreh," There is, indeed, a relation between some of the verses of the " Abinu" and some of the Benedictions, "Our Father! Our King! bring us back to Thee in repentance! " cca-responds Willi the liflli .section of the "Shemoneh 'Esreh"; "Pardon our sins!" "For.irive our Transgressions!" with the sixth; "Send Healing!" with the eightli; "In,scribe us in the Book of Sustenance!" with the ninth: " Destroy the devices of our enemies! " " Let sid vat ion sprout forth! " "Lift the horn of Israel! " and " IJft the horn of Tliine anointed! " correspond with Ihe leiilli, Iwelfth, fourteenth, and "' tifteenth Benedictions resiu-ctivelv Hc-ar our voice!" "Receive our prayer!" with the .sixteenth; but the rest show no comiectiou with the other ten Nor, in fact, are the nineteen verses Benedictions. singled out in "Tanya" found in Amram Gaon's " .Vbinii .Malkenu." text of the From Amram Gaon we learn that the "Abinu JIalkcnu." in the time of the Gennini, was regarded as an inslilulioii of the ancients, lo be recited on the Ten PeniU-ntial Days, .Jacob Asheri ("Tur," i, 002) writes that Amram Gaon's "Abinu Malkenu " contained twenty-two verses (this isi)robably the meaning of the words, "after the order of Ihe Alphabet," which Zunz look too literally), and that it became a
m
German custom
lo recite them both morning and " Shemoneh 'Esreh " during the
evening after Ihc
Ten
Penitenlial Days (whereas in Spain they were for som<' time recited only on New-year's Day and
Day of Atonement), In the "Seder Rab Amram" the number of verses has increased lo Iwcnty-
the
the Sephardic lilurgv to twenty-nine, in Ihe to Ihirly-cight, in the Polish to forty-four, and in the Salonican to fifty-three. In the course of time Ihe more rigidly pious also recited the "Abinu Malkenu throughout Ihe year, omitting it on Sabbaths and holy days, when penitential imiyers were not in order. In Ihe l{eform Kilual the " .binu Jlalkenu " is employed only on the solemn New-year's Day and Ihe Day of Atonement. The traditional melody renders ihe recilation of the "Abinu 3Ialkenu " by the reader (cantor) and the response by the coiiirregation es|>eciallv impressive (Ziin/.. " K. "Rilus,"'iip', llK-l'iO). Iicinlillz, Jewish Servtc(» in Slinagoaue ami Itiiii.ioiai.M'iiv tive, in
German
/;..!«., isiis, pp.
ABIOB,
li;:i,
liu,
AARON
SleiiiM hneidei
ill
—
.T
Abi Ajryub,
thorof "Shemen lary on the Book of Esther, Hellourishccl in Salonica about I'rlo, and his work was first prinled there in .M.
IfiOl.
"
I
(probably
'.liw. f^uait. Ri'V," X, Kill): . liaMor" (Oil of Myrrh), a connnen-
ABIOB, SIMON
L.
.M,
DAVID:
Cabalist of Ihe lie removicl lo Hi-bron. one scvenleenlli eiiiury of Ihe eliiif .irathering places of the. Jewish mystics His work, "Bat Midek " (The King's of his day. Daiigliler), dealing with cabalistic questions, was edited by Solomon Altarasat Venice in 1712.
B.
(
Wiilf, llihl. //,lir. cii. :r^K.
Iliiii.nMMni-iiv: I
(It. /finll.
III.
L'llBtfi;
Slelnwhni-ldvr.
H. G. E.
ABIRAM Bibliciil
—
("My Father is the High One"): 1 Data: Son of Elinb. one of the couspira-
