i
"
THE
191
.IKWISII
active part in the struggle for Jewish emancipation. In liis contributions to the "Sulaniitli " (vol. v.) he manifests some poetical ability, f^pecial mention may be made of his odes on the Jewish soldiers who fell in the battle of Waterloo, and on William Wilberforce, the Engli.sh abolitionist. Bini.iooRAPiiT
Jost, A'fuerc Gcschu)itc, lU.
3.'>.
M. B.
ADHAN A
family of northern Africa, several
members of which figure in Jewish literature. The family name was originally Aldahlian. In Old Arabic this signifies "an oil merchant"; in the modern Arabic of jMoroceo it means "a painter" or "decorator" ("Z. I). M. G." xli.. r)7;!; compare Stein.. 130). 1. Hoses rabl)inical decision that lie publislied in Iyyar,173'.i (printed in "Kiicm Hemed,"
s(
hneider, in
Adhau
is
"Jew. Quart. Kev."
known from a
"Responsa of Abraliani Alnaiiua," ii. -lOif, Leg18(1'.* and IsTl). A manuscri]ilin the collect ion of David Kaufiiiaiin contains a" laiuentatioii " for the Ninth Day of Ali, with the acrostic "Moses Adlinii." The style of this hymn (Stade's "Zeilsi liril't." ii. 1, xii. 2()1, etc.) shows that he was a writer of some merit ("Z.D.M.O." 2:W). 2. Jacob Adhan was the author of a eombini'd Hebrew and Arabic pii/i't, in which the community of Israel (Keneset Yisrael) the
liorn,
1.
represented as pouring out its feelings to God, its beloved, and asking for renewed assistance (J. K. Zenner, "Z.D. JI.CJ." .li.. 573; Kaufmann. ih. 1.238). Though evidently written in ^Inroem, the manuis
script in which tlii'< i)iyut is fmmd came from Tampa, in the state of liio (iiiiiidi- do 8ul, in Brazil.
G.
ADHAN, SOLOMON BEN MASUD
Trans-
lator iiml author, wild livid ill ihr lirsi half of the eighteeiilh <iiiluiT. Hewnil from Talilct, .Morocco. to Amsterdam so as to obtain the necessjiry means for the ransom of bis family and of his synagogue from the hands of the Moors. He publisheil a translation of Solomon Sasportas' "Zeker Hab " under the title "
.Memoria de los
(!13
Preceptos" (An Account
of the 013 Precepts), Amsterdam. 1727 also " Hi-Ncot Deslie " (In Green Pastures), conlaining ritualistic and ethical exhortations, as well as legends of Moses and .aron(.Vmster(lam,173.'); 2iled., in Russia, IHil!)).
BnuiOGRAriiv: Ilihl. .Iwl.
I.
KnysiTllnK./Ji'i'. £.<;'. -/'nr'. Ji"l. p. 8; IS; Ili-ujacoli, lifar /i<i-.sV/«nm, t. Hi.
Fiir-st,
M. B.
ADIABENE A district in Jlesopotamia between
ppir Z.ib I.yeus) and the Lower Zab (C'aprusl, though Aiiiriiiaiius ("Ilisl." xviii., vii. 1) speaks of Nineveh. Kcbatana, and (iaiigamelaasalso belonging to it. For some centuries, begiiming with the first century li.c, it was semi independent. In tlicTalmuilic writings the name occurs as 3"Tn. 3"Tn. and e"Tn. which is p.irallil to its Syriae form " Hiidyab " or " llcdayab." Its chief city was Arbela (.Vrbailu), when' Mar Tkba had a school, or the neighboring Ilazzali, by which name the Arabs also the
I
(
"Gcoirraphisclies AViirter(Yakiif, Payne-Smilli, "ThesaiirUH Syriaeiis," under " lladyab " HolTmaiin, ".Viiszilge aus Syriwlieii Akien"." pp. 211, 2I3». In Kid. 72./ the Biblicalled
.rbela
biicli."
ii.
2113;
Habor is iiliiililied with .<liabi'ni'(com)>are Yeb. Will HI/.. Yalk. Dan. IdCili, but in Yer. Meg. 7I/' with Riphalli ((!iii. x. 3; compare also (Jen. R.
cal
i.
In theTargiim to Jer. Ii. 27, . inil. Mini, are punipbnisrd by nip. '3'Otn. 3"lnV ('.. Kurdistan. .rnn'niii. and .Vdiabinc; whih' in Kzek. xxvii. 23 nyi. ri33V pD are interpreted by file .Vrainaic tnuisiator a> " Marwan, Nisibis, and x.vxvii).
Hiiil
.sliketm/.
AtlialK-nc.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Adelsohn Adiabene
Under the Persian kings Adiabene seems for a time to have been a vassal state of the Persian empire. Ardasliir 111. (361-338 n.c), before he came to the throne, had the title "King of lladyab" (Niildeke,"Ge.sehichtederPerser," p. 70). The little kingdom attained a certain prominence Relation to on account of its kings during the first Neig-hbor- century. Iz.TF.s became a .tew. His ing- King- conversion took place b<'l'ore he asdoms. cinded tli<' throni' and while he lived in C'lmnix Spasinii. At about the same time liis mother, Helena, was also converted. The times were troublous ones; for Parthian kings and counter-kings followed each other in (luick succession. Artaban III. was king of Atropatene. He had succeeded Yonones, who, having been educated entirely at Rome, was unsyiu])athetic toward the Parlhians, Arlalian soon bad to flee to Ilyrcania to escape from the rival king, Tiridates III. He returned, however, in 36, and, being afraid of a conspiracy, took refuge at the court of Izates, who was liowerful enough to induce the Parthians to reinstate Artaban. For this service certain kingly honors were granted Izates, and the city of Nisibis was added to his dominions. However, in 45, Gotarzes, an adopted son of Artaban, was raised lo the throne by the nobles, in )ireference to Yardanes, his half-brol'ber. In 4'.» .Meherdates (Mitliridates Y.), a son of Yonones, was sent from Rome by Claudius to take possession of the throne of Parthia. Izates jilayed a double game, though he secretly sided with (Jotarzes. few years later, Yologeses 1. set out with the intention of invading .Vdiabene and of luinisliing Izates; but a forceof Daeiaiis and Scylliians bad just entered Parthia, and Yologeses had to return home. Izates was followed on the throne by his elder brother, Monobaz II. It is related that in the year 61 he .sent a contingent of soldiers to Armenia to assist the Parthian candidate, Tiridates. against Tigranes, who had maile an incursion into the territory of Adiabene. The troops of Jlonobaz. how.Monobaz ever, were beaten back at Tignuiocerta. was present wlii'U ])eacc was concluded at Rhandea belween Parthia and Rome in the year 63. The chief o|)ponent of Trajan in .Mesopotamia during the year IIT) was the last king of independent Adiabene, Miliaraspes. He had made common cause Willi JIa'iiu (Manniis) of Singiir (SinganO. Tnijan invaded Adiabene, and made it ]mrl of the Roman judvince of .ssyria; under Hadrian in 117, however, Rome gave up jios.sessioii of Assyria. Mesopotamia, and Armenia. In (he suininer of 111.") Siverus was again warring in Mesopoiainia, and in ISUi three divisions of the Roman army fell upon Adiabene. .ecording to Dio Cas-sius, Antoninus took Arbela in the year 216, and searched all the graves there, wishing lo ascertain whether the .Vrsacide kings weri" buri<(l there. In later times Adiabiiie became an arclibisbopric, with the seal of the melropolitan at .rbila illoirnmiin. ".Vklcii." pp. '2V.I ,1 .s,,/.). 11 is imiiossible to tell how far the inhabitants of .Vdiabene had followed the examtile of their king and become J udaized. Jos<'plius(" B. Conversion J." preface, 5; 2) refers lo the "Adiaof Some of beiioi " as Jews. Uoth Queen Helena Izates' and Izates showered presents upon Subjects. Jerusalem, anil the (pieeii look llie king's .Mills llieri' lo be ediK'ated. The remains of Helena and Izates were sent by .Monobaz II. to Jerusidiin for burial. Then' seems to be no doubt that there wen- a number of .Vdiabene Jews in Jeru.siilem, who probably belonged lo the princely household, Joseplius knew several, and in
A
