-
372
THE JEWISH EN'CYCLOPEDIA
Alexandrium AlflEmdari
of C ilicm Ovrcninns, ami AlexiuKirians. und of llit-m that Hal)l)i and of Asia." Ualil)iui(al sources rclalisynajroKiio of the Klea/.ar. son of Zadok. t)oii.i:l.t a
o; Mexamlrians in .Icnisiikni (Tosi-f., Mcjl. iii. [i meutionsa'-bynaVer Meg iii. 7:Wl. Hal). Mesj. '.'li.; scliohirsoxjilani coirneof the D"DniD" " lii<-li nioilern Synagogue of the Men of Tarsus or of f ilicia
is •' I'alestine. (Derenbourtf. "Essai sur rilistoire ile la I he o der 315). p 263: Neubauer, "G. T." pp. 293. explanation is, "Svnacoirue of the Coppersmiths. JeruAt all events, the leading of Tosefla and the that ot the saleni Talmud is to be preferred to ^- »cn. Babylonian. AIiEXANDBrCTM A fortified castio in Pales^
on one of the mountains between Scvthopolis and Jerusalem, and, judging from its name probably founded by King Alexander JanAlexandra kept her treasures nicus (10-4-77 li.c). and .Maeha^at Alexandrium as well as at Hyrcania When, in the rus (Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, 4; 4). year 04, Pompcv marched past Pella and ^cy^hoI)boundary of Judca. olis to Coresr, on the nortlu'ru Aristobulus II. fell baok on Alexandrium (" Ant." situaird
tine
Arisiobuliis' son §4; "B. J." i. 6, i= 4). Vlcxander ivas besieged there by Gabinius, and when he saw that he could hold out no longer, Hyrcania he surrendered Alexandrium as well as and Macha?rus to the Uomaiis, who on the advice thoy of Alexander's mother demolished them, lest should become strongholds in any subsequent wars brother, ("B. J." i. 8, § o). Herod's youngest Pheroras again* fortified and provisi<med Alcxanxiy. 3,
§4; " B. J." i. 16 S3). finally destrayed, probably by es-
.Irium ("Ant." xiv. 15,
The
fortress
was
i)asian or Titus. to be the i>rescnt
Alexandrium is supposed by some KefrStuna: others look for it near
8artabe, on the border of the plain of Jordan, north of Jericho. L,riBibliography: BoettKer, Tniin,irnin.isrl,-}ii.-tm-iscltc.iLeiiwlc. FUuiir, cm zu (Icn Scliriftch ,1,-s liaed.k.r,J,,s,i>h,i.->. p. lil t.)/i len, I'al.Mina uml IS-9; Schflrer, Geso/i.i.Kl:
Karn
3d ed.,
p. 169.
S.
ALEXIS MIKHAILOVICH the
Romanof dvnastv; Imrn
lli'.>9-
died February
9,
at
lOTf!.
Ku.
Second czar of
Moscow, March
He
29,
succeeded his
During father, ]Iichael Fiodoiovich, July 21), 1645. lived in his reign a considerable number of Jews IMoscow and the interior of Russia. In a work of
later, and travels, written at that time, but published " bearing the title, "Ueise nacli dem Xorden (Leipthat, owing to sic 1706), the author states (p. 234) Gadcn, the the influence of a certain Stephan von in ordinary, the number of < zar's Jewish physician
Jews considerablV increased
in
Moscow.
The same
information is contained in the work, "The Present State of Uussia" (1058-66), by Samuel Collins, who was also a physician at the court of the czar. From the edicts issued by Alexis Mikhailovich, granted the Jews passit appears that the czar often ports with red seals (//osiKlarcr;/ z/iiihrainiiji/a f/nil)c admitted moll/), without which no foreigners could reto the interior; and that they traveled without jewelry, striction to Moscow, dealing in cloth and and even received from his court commissions to procure various articles of merchandise. Thus, in
Jakovlev and JIoscow to go Again an edict,
1672, the Jewish merchants Samuel his comiianions were commissioned at
abroad and buy Hungarian wine.
issued March 17, 16.54, instructed a party of Lithuanian Jews to proceed from Kaluga to Nijni->.ovgorod, and as a protection they received an escort of twenty sharpshooters ("Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov
— Ru^ian Code—
I.
No.
148).
Alexis Mikhailovich afterward expelled the
Jews
ami Polish cities; Wilna, 1058: ami Kiev in 100(1.
fiDin the newlva(<iuire(l Lithuanian
from Mohihvin 10.54: But this maybe ascribed to the desire of tli<' government to conciliate the Christian inerchanls of that massaIt was not long after the horrible territory. (lIMscre of "tiie Lithuanian Jews by Chmelnicki Zebi— which 49). that the propaganda of Shabbethai spread Ihrouirh the south and southwest of the LithuiinianPolish'Uiii'rdom— had probably also converteil many membeis of the Greek Orthodox Church. This induced the Little-Russian monk Joanniki Golyatov" Mes.siya Praveilny " Messiah, ski to write his book, kinds (if the All-righli-ous), which is replete w itli all So in 1071. the patriaccusiitions against the Jews. comarch Nikon, in a letter to Alexis Mikhailovich, of the iilainsof the monks among the converted Jews Voskresenski moiiasterv, saving that they "again began to foster the old Jewish faith," as well as to de(
young friars. _ ,. The fact is mentioned in the w ork of the English Ambassador Carlisle, that under Alexis MikhailoRussia. vich Catholics and Jews were driven from An edict issued March 19, 1055, refers to the Lithua-
moralize the
,
,
nian-Jewish prisoners of war, who wi'iv to be sent Trubetzkoi, to Kaluga by the bovar Prince Alexis These aggregated 108 families, 3 widows, and 21 Jews to sinn-le men; and in adiiilion there were 92 Volkoiibe sent from Bryansk to Kaluga by Prince treaty of ski (" Rcgestv i Kadpisi," No. 957). By the Andrussevarrauged with John Casimirof Poland bv livid Alexis Mikhailovich in 1007, the Jews,who tlii'U Russian terin the towns and districts that became side of the ritory were permitted to remain "on the Russian czar," under Russian rule, if they did mjt choose to remain under Polish rule("Regcsty i Nad" No. 1055). Jewish wives of Greek Ortlio<lox iiisi Russians were permitted to remain with their husbands without being forced to change their religion Altogether, taking'into consideration the hatred of forei"-nersanioiig'the Russian population of his time, Mikhailovich was kindly disit is evident that Alexis posed toward the Jews. BiBLiocutAPiiV:
K.>stoniiir..v, Uu.'^liatHt
rf"""" '!?«'",--
<;i„vii,,slilkh D,it<mUU, a. !>?-__.. I.. 2dvd..us. stlVleiTilmrtr, ISO: .Solovyev, M'lnna Ituf.-n. iV<..ly">'. '-t- t'f,*-'"*;^?xi.-xlli.. St. I'elHrsburu: y(.i;<»(H i Mork-lifikam ZamiicMa. in 1 <»<. lKK.f. 1S99- J. Bereliin, li i ciNos. .">-«, pp. i')0-2.i»: N. (inidovslil, Utnushcnnia
,,i.v,niu;../.)i
.'„.,
•!TS)
'rciiaiiu'eU:. »l. Petersburg,
ALEXnjS.
iml.
See Ai.EKSET.
ALFAHAN, DON ZULEMA (SOLOMON) the
eomii;uiiilies under jurisdiction of thearchieiiiscopal sec of Toledo. Don
Spanish chief rabbi over
the
Pedro Touorio. the archbishop, removed him from and ap otTice for neirlect of duty in the year 1388, pointed in his place Haven (Hayyini), the archbishop's private physician, described in the document man, deas "a good, prudent, and very learned scended from a ffood family." The deed of api)ointmcnt is givi'U in"j. Amadosde losRios, "Ilistoriadc los Judios."
ii.
577
ALFAKAR
('?
.vrr/.
(Arabic,
M. K.
IXSS^X; Hebrew, nsi'n
"The Potter"): The name of one of the oldest Spanish-Jewish families, distinguished for its social ji"and sition and scholarship: orisinally of Granada, subsequently of Toledo. An Alfakar, who wrote a "On Salvation," was a contemporary of treatise
Vbraham ibn Ezra, who mentions him in his commentary on Daniel. Maimonides, a few years beftire Ibn Matka his deiith. also mentions the venerable Hym or Havviin Alfakar of Granada is reVlfa physician ferred to" by Alfonso de Spina as being
