American, Sadie Anunar, David b. Samuel
TIIE
JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
comprisinjr "extracts from Jewish nionilists to the tifleenth century." from Ziiiiz"8 "Ziir (ifs( lii( lite uiiil Literatur"; "Jewish Jlurriage in PoslBiljlical Times, u Study in Arclie-
AMICO (iinginally Amigo), JOSEPH
iiinn,
from the eleveii'h
mini'
.nniyn^i
5ao
and
rabbi burn in 'I'unis
iiilbii'iilial
Italy after the year
(V).
Learned
who went
to
when Moses Provencal
Vt'A).
was chief rabbi of Mantua. In the (piestion of the legality of the divorce granted to Sainiiel V'enturoso in Venice, on which the opinions of the conteinporaneous rabbis were divided. JoseiJi Amico tdiik sides with .Mdses Pnivincal and Felice .Melli. In this ease, as in a similar one at Haveiina, he cdiiclied his decision in moderati' terms, ami continually exhorted the eoiiteiidiiig sides to prinleiice. In a iiiueh (lebaled case dealing with the levirate law that came up for decision in l.")7;i, Joseph Amico was also asked for an opinion, and he defeiiih-d the thesis that "the law of levirate takes preeeilence over that of relea.se (/(<(//?"/()" Sinei' neilherof these Uesponsa bears any indication of dale or plaei'. it dillieull lo say where Joseph Ainieo lived, but would appear, from the earlier form of his name, (Amigo), that he was of Levantine or ipiasi Spanish origin. His name occurs also in the second jmrt of is
it
Device of the Aniertcan Jewish Pulillcatlon Society of
To the Law and
1873.
t" the Tesliniony."
Perks and "On Interment of the Dead in PostlJililieal Judaism." also by Perles; all translated by Albert 11. I,ouis. The tlnanciiil jianic of lST:i and the ensuing comolojry,"
by Dr.
mercial
depre.s,sic)n
J.
compelled lh(> suspension of the See Jewish Piulic.mion Society
society in 1S75.
OK AMtnai
F.
A.
de
S.
M.
AMERICAN, SADIE:
Corresponding secreof Jewish Women; born at Chi-
tary of Ihc ('c)iuicil cago. March ;i 1.S02. >riss .Vmcricnn has been connected with many philaiitliri>|iie inovcnients both in the general aswell us in the Jewish couununity. She has been a member of the executive conunittee of the Chicago Civic Federation since 1S06: member of the executive committee of the South Central District of Charities; vice-president of the Consumers' League since 1899; director of the Cook County League of Womchairman of the Vacation en's Clubs since 1H99 School and Playground Conunittee of Women's Clubs since IsiMl; prcsichritof the League for lieligious Fellowship, lyUT and 1.S98. Jliss American has been prominently identified with the Council of Jewish Women since its organi;
zation, having always been its corresponding secretary, and she was secretary to the Jewish Women's Congress in the Parliament of Keligions at Chicago In the cain 1S93. ovit of which the Council grew'. pacity of corresponding secreliuy to the Council she
has spoken before various national women's organizations, and she was delegate to the National Congress of Women at London in June. lHii9. She has frequently been invited to oectipy pulpits, and lias delivered addresses in many places on social, religBesides editing the ious, and educational topics. publications of he Council of Jewish Women, she has contrilnited to Jewish and secular journals numerous articles on the Council and on various subjects relating to educational and charitable topics. A. I
AMETHYST A
variety of quartz of a clear purple or bluish violet color, much used as a precious stone. It is generally accepted that the Amethyst held the ninth jilace and was in the third row among the precious gems on the breastplate of the high priest (Ex. xxviii. 19, xxxix. 12); but the derivation of the Hebrew name (ihlamah is unknown (see Precious Stones). G. B. L.
AMI.
SeeAMMi,
AMI DES ISRAELITES, icals.
the Kesponsa of .Moses ben Joseph di Tiani and in the collection of rabbinical consultalioiis in the possession of .M. Zadoe Kahn. In Ihe "ShalsheliM haKabbalah " ((U^O 'uere mention is made of a Jacob Amigo. but iJic exact relationshi|i lietweeii these two men can not be determined with any degree of certaintj', nor for that matter can it be decided whether there is not a misprint in the name Jacob for Josejih. Bini.KicR.vniv: M. Proven(;al, Pcmls, etc., Mantua, LliB; Lampntntj. rahnd Yizhak^ iv.'Si; Nepl-(ihin»n<il, Tnlcihil tiniole ii.^nu'1, s.'v.
O. J.
'AMIDAH. See Siir.MoNEii "EsitEn. AMIGO, ABRAHAM A noted rabbi
of Pal-
nourished almut the middle of the sevenHe was a contemiiorarv of .Moses teenth eenlury. ben Nissini lienvenisle. the younger, aullior of ihe responsa. "Sefer Peiie .Moslieh." For his piety and learning, Amigo was highly respected by bis eonleinlioraries. He wrote "Peri llaiiash" (New Fruit), a estine;
commentary onthe subdivision Oiah Hayyini
of the to Ihe end. The work lias been lost, Amigo was also Ihe author of a large work, containing responsii as well as novelhe tothi^ Talmud and the halakic literature, which came under the notice of Azulai. Sli
111
hall '. ik.
BiHi.ioGRAPHV
from Ihc laws of the Passover
Azulai, Slinn fut-Gfdtilii», ed. Benjacfib, II. Yinmel, p. 11 ; Michael, Or ha-Hau-
1SJ-1.3S; Kilnn, Keneticl
yim. No.
iX).
H. G. E.
AMIGO, MEIR: A
Spanish Jew, who lived in Ihe second half of Ihe eighteenth century at Tcmesvar (Hungary). He was nicknaincd " Ue cliico" (the little king) on account of his wealth, and was highly respecled at the court of Maria Theresa. At Constantinople he had many conncclions, and was an intimate friend of Diego de Aguilar. When, through private sources, Aguilar learned of Ihe imminent expulsion of the Jews from Bohemia, he wiote to Aniiiro a.sking the latter lo go to Constantinoiile and bring his intlueiice to bi'ar in favor of his
tlncaleiieil
I'oreligionists.
Amigo
went,
and
succeeded in persuading ihe sultan to send an envoy extraordinary the Jew, Coronei. with an aulograi)li letter to the empress. By this means she was induced to re]ical the decree of exjiulsion, Jndah, Isaac. Menaheni. and Joseph ben Jleir Amigo. other members of this family, also lived at Temesvar.
—
—
Biiu.infiRAPHV Franco, Knxni yur VHislnirr do* IsrarUtex ill VEiiniiic ()ttiiman.p.l'.il: A. von Zemlinsky, r»'c«c?i. tier neu. TUrkisai-Ixraelltischeti Gememde zu Wien, pp. 5 el ««/.
L'.
See Period-
M. K.
