—
AlflLTAI (probably identical with Amalthea): IiiOrcck iiiytbology, the goat, whose liorii (Atrtlowiiig with uature's riches has become the symbol of ])leiitv (the cornucopia), an<l that nursed the infant god Zeus with her milk. Thi.s name occurs twice (1) .Job's daughter, ICerenin ancient .Jewish legend Imppuch (.Job. .lii. 14), is translateil in the Septua:
Amalthea's Horn," wherein tli<' Hebrew words This daughter of Job, "IIEn 'p are reproduced. Amalthea's Horn. i)lays a iiromineiit role as a type " a Jewof saintly beauty in the " Testament of Job ish apocrypha (see Kohler. "Testjinient of Job" in Kohul." p. 288); "Senutic Studies in .Memory of Al. her "uincorn like beauty " and her "smaragd like ra(-2) The name diance " are dwelt on also in 15. 1!. Wi. of Abraham's mother, called Edna (the (Jraceful One) gint •
—
Hook of Jubilees (xi. i:ii. is sjiid liy l{ab (B. B. 'JbO to have been Amiltai. the daughter of Karneho, which seems to be a eorru|il re|u-oductiou of AmalthealCeren-happuch. the daughter of Job
in the
Job'saiiil
Abraham's
histories beingconstantly interI'ossibly the Zeus legend
woven in ancient legend. prompted the name, as it
is
narrated that the infant
Abraham was miracuiously nourished by milk and honey in the cave where lie was hidden. UiHi.iDiut.vriir: Hiilisch, In
Beer,
nid, Lehen Ahrahnmit,
Ben Chananja,
AMITTAI
n. IftJ p. 1ft
Zl|iser
anil
II-.'-' T0&-713, SBl-SSt.
vl.
Father of the prophet Jonah (II Jonah, i. 1). According to ralibinical Gen. H. xcviii. Yalk.. •sonn-es (Yer. Suk. v. Twn Jonah. S .ViO) Amittai came from the tribe of Zebulon King-.
.iv
i.');
and lived at Zan>])liath. Th<-re isa tradition that the willow who sustaineil the jiropliet ICIijah there (I Kings, xvii. i)-'24l was Andttjil's wife, and that the child whom Elijah revived was Jonah (Pirlje li. El. M. B. xxxiii )
AMITTAI BEN ABIDA AHIZADEK. Cai;o. |)
See
n>,
AMITTAI BEN SHEPHATIAH known
American, Sadie
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
521
liturgical i)oet.
who
A
well-
tlouri.shed at Oria. Italy,
The time the beginning of the tenth century. of his activity was until recently a matter of <loul)t. ISabbenu Tam (died 1171) eitc-s one of his piyutim (npnt;' 'arj'X; Yeb. k;/-; Tos. ».r, pibs): and .bisepli ha Kolien mentions him as one of the earlv poets, but without giving anv fuither details in
haBaka."ed. I.elteris,' p. Ill, Cracow, IKil.')). According to Zunz and I,Kindshuth. he lived after the The only persecutions of the lirst Crusade Hl'-Hii. (• 'I^niek
(
reliable information in regard to the personality of Amittai, howeviM-, is to be found in the "Chronicle of Ahimaaz," which states that hi' was the son of
who died toward the end of the ninth and the grandson of that . ultai with whom the "Chronicle " commences. Few details of He had a sister ICas.sia. Ins family life are given. who married her cousin Ilasadyah and it is sjiid that .Vmittai composeil a liturgical piece in honor of the wedding. He sometimes gave- a pulilie re( italion of liis eli'gies: and once, while thus ollicialing at a
Shephaliah. ci-ntury.
fnneral. he took olTc-nsi' at the action of a lirollier of till' deceasid. a certain .Moses, whom Kaufmann sup poses to be Sloses of Pavia. He was sub.se<iuenlly
placed under the ban because of testimony which had olTered tombing the monds of a woman. Andllai was a most prolilic poet. Zun/. enumerates as many as twenty four liturgical pieces written bv him, among w hii h is the .(/lO for a nuptial .'^abbatli He makes conunenein^' n'lnS D't'XIO TJO flTK pivnl versifies a piece iise III the Midra>h, and in .l other times lie has references to of the .Mekilta. 111'
/'
•
b.
Samuel
DanN I'nanN. where he mentions the forced conversion of Jewish children. In the Mlihilt pimo lioyn "' no^ the date 1096 occurs; but for other than chronological reasons Zunz suspects that the verse isa later insertion. One of his selihot (Dim ^X " ") still fonus iiart of the historical events; e.g., in rh'h^
Ne'ilah service of the l)ay of Atonement.
Ahimam.
in Neulrauer, MediwClirimiclr of Chrimkhs, U. VH; Ivaafriiann, in Miiiiatxmhrift, «<;. ; Bailier. in /if i'. £(. jHir(.«. xxxll. U7; Landsliulli, .l»ii/i»'/< (i<i-".l/)i>i(ii)i. p. 4<i; Zunz, LilcralurfKsili. /'. pp. IS, 1«« ItransPI). Pit). iVi : idt-m. Z. (i. p. :iT4 : lilcni, .S. latiiinof iH'u piyutlni) : M. Saolis, Fc^Ul'lxte lUr IxrinUUii, 1H74, part iv., 416 eil., p. .'lOT. and .Nina Da%is, Snugs of Krik, lyill, p. liU (tran-slatlons of the Xe'Uuh Sdihah).
Blnl.lO(iKAPHY
ral Ji:uuili xl.
.'illti
1
1
G.
'AMM,
'
AMMI
(
'oy)
A name applied to Semitic
in Biblical names like Aninnnadab, Ammiel. . unishad(lai. Thewdrd 'niniu, 'dm. properly "kinsman" (in Arabic, "paternal uncle"), was
gods and lipund
used gods
among
the Semites as an appellation of various
in the sense of ])atron. ])ersoiial iirotector. in the same way as nb, "father." nh, "brother," hul,
"maternal uncle." Art /», "father-in-law." dad, "'near kinsman." and the like. Traces of this use of 'nm are found in ancient proper names in many parts of the Seiiutic world; thus, in Babylonia (Hanunu labi dynasty; see "Z.D.M.G." xlix.".V.;4). Anuni zadtiga (plV '). Ammi (litana. There is no snilicient reason for doubting the B;d)ylonian oi'igin of these names. The signilication of the ending i in the Ammi of these and the following compounds is uncertain: Ammiba'al.aCan!Uiniterulcr(timeof .Vshnrnasirpal; Honunel. "Geschichte Babyloinens und Assyiiens." D74 et «€(/.): Hebrew '.^mmi-el (compare Abi el, etc.), Ammi-nailab (compare Abi-nadab. etc.), l-^li am (compare Eli ab). etc., probably also Anuam. Hehoboam(Kahab -am). Jeroboam (Yaroliam) . unonite
Ammi adies." ani.sa.
iiadalK lime of .sliuibanipal;Delitz.scli. " Par-
Smith and others.
.raliian
-Jilt);
Am
Ammi-yada', Animi-
karib.
Theie have
Ammar, David
thiis far l)een
'Am was
found no certain indica-
any time or jdace used as the proper name of a god (see. however. " Z.D.M.G." That it should have been often and xlix. .j'2.")).
tions that
at
widely used in ways closely resembling the use of proper names is quite natund. It is intrinsically iminobable that any of the words nh, n/i. 'nm. iliid, etc.. should have liicome true proper names, and only the most ilireet and unmistakable evidence could estalilish the fact. It is obviously not permissible to conclude, as some have done, from such a i)a.ssage as (Jen. xix. 38. that the Hebrews believed the ancestor of the .Vmnionites to have borne the name Ben . uiu. anil that thei'cfore the existence of an .Vmmoiiite god .^nuni is to be assumed, whose name also appears in the name of the people (Bene .Vnunon). (bi the contrary, the Anunonite use of .m. '.Vmmi. in ])roper names can not well be distinguished from the Hebrew or .Vraliic use. or from the exactly parallel use of the other words denoting See also Ammiici.. .Vm.min,M).M!. Ammikinship. SI1.M)I)M. (iniv. Ihlirru- T'rnjur .Y(imr.«, pp. 41 tm. 24.'>, liuii.ioiiR.vpnv iVt il ,>ii(., ;«t: K>iii»n7..r. S<'plenilHT. IsiC. pp. 17".I •! nfi/J Hiilianel. .liirlViit llilireir Ttiulitlini, pp, 4>i, Kl r( wi/., IflO ft «<;.: Jensen, /.ril. f. Aivur. x. 342 cl tti/.; Sniltti, /ftfii/imi !>/ (lie Sciiii/fK, Icetun- II.
rt
n T
DAVID B. SAMUEL: Anaiilhorof who wri.li Titilah li- David" A Prayer of
AMMAR, I.eudiorn,
•
|
l)avid) on the liiiiidred daily lienedietions (Salonini, BodI " ml. 8.")7 1777; see Steinsciineider. "Cat "Jew. Quart. l{ev." .i. 486). 11 G. E.
