sums tivc
of
jiolil,
at
liis
iiud,
according to cominon report,
fciiudc slaves
liiiiKircd
iriiiiiciliatclv
at
In'sidcs.
sf)
that
tlicy
put a trimp of live liumlrcd warriors Tlic appearance of these I'arlhiaiis of Jerusalem, where daily riots took
(lisposid.
jrates
tlie
place hetween the itartizaiis of Antiironus. who held po.s.ses.si<)ii of the Temple fortress, and those of Ilyrcanus. or more correctly of Autipater. caused the halanee to turn in favor of the former, llyreanus and I'liasail in vain endeavored to win over the I'arthians. The former was sent a captive to IJaliyIon, afli-r sulVerinj.' the mulihiti<in of Ins ears, which rendered him henceforth unlit for the otlice of hijrh |)riest. I'hasiU'l bent out his brains aj^ainst a stone wall. Herod, too weak for ojien resistance. Hed from .lerusalem. ami in the year 40 Antii:onls wasollieially jiroclaimed king and hiirh priest by the Parlhians. His three years' reign, however, was one continuous struggli'. His aniagonist.
Crowned
Herod, succeeded
in
having
him.self
declared king of Judca by Home. The lirst year passed ipiietly enough for Ventidius, Antony's legate, and his lieutenant Silo, were kept niutral by bribes and alislained from doing their duty in enforcing the rights of Herod. IJut on the lalter's return in li!) from Home he opened a brisk camjiaign against Antigonus, con-
King.
(|ui'red Jojipa,
and (jccupied .Masada, where
his
(am
He
then laid siege to Jerusalem, but had to reliiKpiish it toward wint<r, for Silo refused further coopi'nition, and dismissed his troops to their winter ipiarters; for which timely act Antigoinis no doubt .amply eompenwileil him. In the spring of oH Herod wrested the provin<e of (lalilee f'om Antigonus' possession, a victory of only temiioiiirv adily
AntitronuB Anti-Juif
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
629
were.
vanta^'e. for when Herod sl.ortly after went to Samosala lo pay his respects to . loiiy, the (lalileans rose
against Herod's brother and representative Joseph, slew him. and drove away his army. Herod, who hiard of this only upon his return to Palestine, was eager to avenge his brother. He dared not attack Antigonus' army near Jericho, for he had not yet the necessjiry slri'iiglli, but w hen .VnliLronus fo<ilishly divided his forces. Herod fell upon I'appus. . tigoiuis' general, and completely routed him. so that all Pal<sline as far as J( rusjilem fell into his han<ls. The approach of winter compelled Heroil to postpone until the next spring a siege of .lerusiilem. whither . ligonus and the renwiani of his army had lied. When till- siege began it was marki-d by e.vlniordinary bravery and fanaticism on the side of AnliL'onus' followeis; full of hatred against Home and liomani/ers. they considered the st rugBesieged in gle a religious line, in w hieh the propheJerusalem. cies concerning the inviolability of tlw Temple iiiid the nallcai would be triumphantly vindicated. In vain the Pharisees ad ised surrender to so powerful a foe. just as the Prophets of old had inveigheil against (he cojivictlon of their contemporaries that (ioil would protect His
any besiiLring enemy, no matter htiw iiusloul dcl'eiise. lasting thri'c. possibly live, nionllis. was made against the attacks of the enemy an<t the pangs of fitinine. which lattiT. owing to (he yiar being one of rilease(see SllK.Ml Ml), was more than ordinarily severe, Anti.ironus beliavid most manfully iluring the siege, but after the llnid assault, when no hopi- was left, he fc'll entrealinir at the feet of (ill' Uonian general Snsius, who brutally mocked his griif by dubbini; him " . li;.'one." aftir Sopho des' tearful heroine. .t (he suiru'estion of Herod, who was afraiil (o allow . ligonus (o be (akiii to
city aL.'ain>l mi'iiMis,
.
n
Home
triumphal
of .Mark An(oiiy. Ii's( he should there sueeessfiilly plead for liis rights, in
th<'
tniiii
king of the Hasmonean house was taken to Antioch, ami there fell beneath the executioner's a.. It was th<' first time that the Komans had ever thus put a king to death. Tin- last king of jiure J<w i.sh blood fell before the intrigues of the jirst king of Judea not entirely of Jewish birtli. this last
Bini.ior;R.»pnv
J<is<'phus, .-tiif. xlv. (4: Idem, n. J. (. 14 isoe also (iittex) : F.wald. Hixtnrii uf hratK v. 402 411; (Jnit/, distil. il.Juihii. n. UK): Hllzlp, tlencli. lUf Vnlhei l.-iiiil. ii. .)S1: .scliiirer. liiMli.i.iXSanii liiilex ; .siaile, fi'cw/i. i/i.« I'uMrji Ixynfl, 11. 44>T ; .Moiiiiiisen, Tin: I'rnviucfit <>f tin- liimtmt Hnijiire.
11.
17.">-1TS:
Madden,
liieralure, see St'tiflrer,
<'iiin»ii( the p. 280.
Jtio,
p. By.
Fur
"I tier
Ueech.
L. G.
ANTIGONUS OF SOKO
Tlie first .scholar of whom I'harisilc liadilinn has ]>reserved not only the name but also an important theological iloctriiie. He tlourislic-d about the lirst half of the third einturj' B.C. According to the Mislinah. he was the disciple and successor of Simon Tin; J 1ST, His motto ran: "Be not like slaves who serve their master for their ilaily rations; be like those who servi- their master withuut H'gard to emoluments, and let the fear of God be with you" (Ab, i, 3; see Griltz. "Geschd. Juden," ii. (), 239). Short as this ina.xim is. it contains the whole Pharisaic doctrine, which is verj' diirerent from what it is usmilly conceived (o lie. Thus (he first known Pharisee urgesthat good should be iloiie for its own sjike. and I'vil be avoidetl. without regard to conseipu-nces. whether advantage nus or detrimental. The naive conception dominant in the Old Testament, thatGod's w ill must lie<lone to obtain His favor in the shape of jdiysical prosperity, is rejected by Anti.nonus. as well as the view, specificall}called " Pharisiiic." which makes reward in the future life the motive for linman virtue. I( is impossible that . ligonus (imld have been inliueiucd by Hellenic views: chronology forbids the supposition. The cause of this elhical superiority was simply thiil the Pharisees carefully nurlured (he ,irerms of higher morality sown by the I'rophiis of the Old Testa:
ment ami brought them
to full fruition. Particularly Jewish is the second phrase of his maxim; the fear of (iod is the Jewish correlate (o general human morality mentioned in (he fii°st half of (he mo((o.
.Vndgonus points out that men's actions should not beintluenccd by (he lowly sentiment of tear cd mortals, but thai there is a divine judgment of which men must st.-ind in awe. Theexpression "Heaven" for "God " is the oldest evidence in postexilie Judaism of (hedevi'lopinelit of (he idea of a Iranseenrleiital Deily. I( is also a curious fac( (ha( AiKigonusis the first noted Jew (o have a (Jreek name. Later legend i-onnects AiKi.ironus wi(h (he origin of the S:ii|du< ci' sect. See S.MiIU IKKS. L. G.
ANTI-JUIF,
L'
A name assumed by
nine dif-
ferent publicadons issued in Kranceand Algiers and directed against the Jew s. In nearly every ease (hey wiTc shori lived. The (ii-s( " .iiti Juif," a weekly, published in Paris, describing itself as an "organ of social defense. " onlv reached its fourth number {from It was i^sui-d nmler Dec. IS. IMSl, lo Jan. S. ISS'.'I In the hading the managi'ineiit of L. Panehioni. ardele. (lidded "Our Aim," the edi(or calls (he at(I'lidon of his readers (o (he financial prosperily of Knuiee a( (ha( (ime a boon which he attribiilis to "comniiTcial feu<liilism" for the nianifest purposilie of exciting the hatred of (he working classes, cdainis (ha( " (he Jew rules and governs " TlierefonIk' deems it his mission (o accpiaini (he public widi (he real conilidon of (lie couiKiy and (osiiggesi how
—
—
can be improved. The second periiHlicai in point " dia( appeared a( .vlgiers tiiiH' w as die " And Juif iu l!Sl«t, and wa.H .sigueil by i(s printer, Uouyer. us i(
of
