Antwerp, together
willi llic nine oilier (l(]>ailiiiiiils wasincliideil in theeonsistiiry of Crefelil but, strange to say, no delegate seems to have l)een sent from any one of these eomnuinilies, either to the meeting of notables in Paris in ISlKi. or to the hanhedrin in IHDT. On the overliirow of Xajioleon, Jielgium was united with llollaiid and .lews came in laiixe Mumliers Ijotli from the Rhine district and from Holland. The organization of the various communities planned by the Austrian governor in 1814 was carried out by the Dutch. Antwerp, as a jjroviiiee, belonged, together with .South Brabant, Kast and West Flanders, Namur, and llainaut, to the fourte<'nth district, the chief synagogue of the district being at Brussels. The .lews <if Antwerj> ae(juired possession of a cemetery in IH'.'H. The rev(ihiti(jn of lS;iO again made a change, and Antwerp became part of the Belgian consistory, of which Brussels was the head. This consistory at lirst was made U]) of five, and in 1S:33 of seven members. Antwerp having one seat therein. Three dependent .synagogues of the tirst class w<Me established at Antwerp. Ghent, and Liege. Although this consistory has general charge of Jewish allairs in the countrv. an<l allhongii the government contributes toward the animal e.penses, the individual <-onnnuidties have a large amount of freedom. Shortly before the beginning of lh(^ second half of the nine teenth century a i)rivale eolleelion was made and a .synagogue, together with u school, worthy of the conunuuity, which was now continually incn'asing. was built. In 1S4(I. according to olliciai slalisiics. Antwer]) had 'fi registered Ji'wish households and S.") non-registered, which last term jinjliably refers to those who were unable to pay regular ta.es. In 1900 the Jewish population of Ant werp was n.lliid. At the large synagogue the old Amsterdam Tortu guese miii/iiif/iH followed; but during the e.xodus of the Kussian Jews in the years following IHMl sc'veral thousands of them settled in Antwerp, an<l there erected a numberof synagoguesand meeting houses with a miihag closely allieil to the (ierman Polish. The present (I'JOl) rabbi of the Portuguese syna gogue is I). S, Ilirsih. who bears the otllcial title
of
1.1"!
"Ministre Otliciant du Culle Isnielite." One of the chief industries practised by the iioorer Jews of Antwerp is Ihat of diamond cutling, the rose diamond lieing a specialty of their work. The
diamond (Utters number between (lOO and 70t). A Hebrew printing press was established at Ant werp in by Clirisiopher Plantin (I.")M-S!h. The type and specimeiisof the work done there may still be seen in Planlin's house (in the Marche du Vendredi), which is now the " M usee Plant in." Permission to i)rint Hibrew books was given to I'lantin by the emperor .Ma.vimilian H. on Feb. 'Jl, l.'id."). The tirst book with Hebrew characters printed in Antwerp seems to liav<> been " Hebraa. (.'haldaa, Orii'ca l.")(>.">
I.iilina
Nomina Vironim,
.Mnlii'ruin
.
.
siiis
.
<piac|ue chanicteriliiis reslitiila. cum latina interpre talione. " In the following years there were pub li.shed here (nC5n'13N =Anversa): l.'itIO
"
nilillii
mm
llehmloa,"
1507 " renlaliucliu.H wii
(|uliii|iii-
Lllirl
1
vol. 4to
l.'iCi*
l.Vlil
"
1
2
viils.
8vo
MohIm, llebniln',"
vnl. Hvi». StiinlNliil (irespll " Ih< Miiltlpllrl Slrloi-t plllK'llH,
4
cum
I
Talcnio Ilobrniro,"
Veil. Hv...
lllliHn
Sncm
lleliniloo, Clinldiilcc,"
I
vol. 4Io (port of the
l'..|VKl..ll. '*
INjlllllnniin I.llMT," I vol. Hvo. AlplnitH>(uin Ilt'l)nilcuin." I vol. Hvo. 1S70 "lIllilln.siiinillelinilcc.clmMiilrc" (piirt iif tin- Pnlvulotl. tuietore Johiiniic Isiiiii'o, 1 "(iminiitiillrii llelini'n" .
- '
.
vol.
.
4tii.
KiTS " ThcwiiiniH
I.lnifuiD—tirammntlca Cbuldira," Polyglot).
llrl>nilrn<
etc, (purt-sof
till'
" BIbllu Sacra Hebralce, Cbaldaice, et Latine," 8 vols. "Hibllii Hebraica," sine nunctls.
fol.
l.')74
157.'>
l"iSO l.jSl
vol. 8vo. " HaKli>(.'r-,ipha lii'liniiie (Rsaliiis. Provcrlw, Job, Daniel, Kzni, .Nehcniiuh. clinjiilcU-si. siiw punell^ 1 vol. 12ino. " P.sulierluio Hehnilrurii." sine punclis, 1 vol. 21iiio. lilniT-.irluin Benjuruinl Tiideleiuils x lli'tiralco l.iitliiuiii (artuin lieiieii. .iia Monlano inien)rele," 1 vol. Hvo. I
"
lllblia Hebraloa," -Ito. " Psalleriuin Hebralce.'* 1 vol. lOrao. Dnisius— " Interpretum Vetenim OriProrum, Ai|iiiUp, Syinniachl, Tlu-oilollonls quic extant fratrineiita In Psaluios Uavldis, Hebralce, Grave, et Latine,^'
Joannes
.
1
'•
.
.
vol. svo.
BIblla Hebralea,"
1 vol. 4io. lirusli, Voees Ebraloai* Novi TestamentI Com."1 vol. 4to. iiientarius 1 JS4 " Hiblia Hcbiiilca. Eorundem Latina inteniremilo .Xantis I.'jK!
"Ad
JanI
.
.
Paifiiiiii
LucensLs, reienter Benedlitl Artie .Moulani
PHlli:e,"
...
I
HU-
vol. fol.
"Psaluii llebraice." .sine puneti.s. I vol. lllino, "Interpi'ftum Veleruiii tiniH-oniin, Aquila?, Symmaehl, Thfodutinnis qiiie extant fra^nienla In Psulmos Iiavidis, Hebralce, Gra?oe, et t,allue ex Editlone JoaonLs .
Drlcscliii," 1;>SS
.
.
vol. Svo.
I
" Propbela; Mlnorcs, Hebralce,"
1 vol.
12mo,
Bini.iooRAPiiv For the earlier periml M. C. Ilahlenbeek, Lot Juiftid Aiifirs In Htrtic (It Biiyiyiif, isri, rtll. 1»T-14I>, from d'wunients In the Slate Archives of Beli^iuin : tiiille Ouverleaux, yiitea ct Documents sttr leu J nits tte BeUfi(fU€ sous
rAticifii Itiiiwi In Tici'. Kl.Juivcs. vll. 117 e/ «•</., 2.t2 f t Idem. viil. :SHit .mi;.; IiIimm. Ix. ay ct »«/.; Carmoly, Ksxal
.•«'(/.;
ill s Isni'titf.II II III Ifiiiiue.in Ucvue IJrieiitah, i. 4lii:t sii{. For iii'Mleni times; [H. s<iinmerhau.sen ]. /JriV ^c (ii« Bikiini, In Mi'ii,its.'<ilirift. I. 4mi ct wi/., r>4l f( «((/.; idem, Itriifc nus V{rl/.«.^i /, in Mnnnliutrhrifl, II. S7II <( «<•<(.: 'n-nyilciiiinicn vnur hct lsriti'Uti-<ch Kcrhui iiiHitschai} tiiniiin lilt h'liniiiiirili ilcr XciUrlmnhn. The Haeue, IsSS.
surVllialiiiit
For Hebrew lypogniphy at Antwerp: Stelnsehiielder, Jllil. Tiiiiiigriijiliif. in F,rsi-h and (irulier's EncttclnpiiiUe, x.xvl. idem, Vnl. ;foi». c-ols. 22. :*!. 44. 4!l. :in.HS Leon DeRpoive, Lii Miiisim phnitin ti Anvfrs^ pp. i:l:{ ct .vr-o.. Parts, Issd. For the Jewish dianiond^uuen* at Antwerp: ytnmitsschrift, vl. :iii4; L. Soloweitschlk, Vn PruU-tariat Mccunnu, p. 115, 7)(j
Itrilssels.
|.s;is.
G.
ANUSIM.
.See
APAHEA
Mauanos.
Among the nmn_v towns bearing this name, the followiugare of importance with reference
to .lews: 1. Capital of the province of Apamcne. Syria situated ou theOrontes, soutliof Antioch. Like the other cities of Syria Jo.sephus. " B. J." vii. 3. ^ 3). Apamea probably had a large Jewish population, though there are no records extant as to the sittlemenl of Jews there. According to Josephus ("B. J." i. 10. ^ 10), . tiii:iler sent his sons to Apamea with soldiers to .Iulius(':es:ir. who was hard pressed at the time. The
(
Syria, and especially .piiniea. a.s, degree. Iielonging to Palestine. Both the Jeriisjilein Targumim consiilei-ed the city of Shexxxiv 11). situated on the northern pliam iNum border of I'alesline. to be i<lcntical with Apamea. The similarity of .sound in the two names is no doubt liibliis (diisiilered
in a certiiin
accountable for tin' idcniilication anil it was because (vf this siinilarily tli:il N'CSX wiis .sometimes
written N'DDDN But. since the latter word means also Spain, this has led to many errors. t)f the tribes of the Keiiites. Kenizzites. and Kadimmites (Oen. xv. lit), the rabbis said tiial they will
belong to piinotl.s
Apamea
(I'lilyKlot).
Belfiiuiii,
ct
Antwerp
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
661
Israel
Simon named
Yohai
b.
tmly in the Messianic age; and H. (sccoinl century) refers llie last-
tribi' to .panien ((Jen. H. xllv. 23; s<'e "MoSince Apamea virtually mitsschrift." xxxix. .10). heloiiged to I'ahstini'. the lirst fruits brought by Ariston from that town were accepted for sacritice On the outiv. 111. in JiTUsalem iMishnah Hal break of the .lewish war. the inhabitants of .Vpaineik spared the Jews wholiveil in their midst, and would not snITer them to be murdered or UmI into ciiplivity (Josephus. " B. J." ii. IH. § .I). The sul)Se(|iient history of the Jews in this vieinit v is unknown. Under
