Most of the Jews of Göttingen attained a certain prosperity through their financial dealings with the students, to whom they gave credit and loaned money on pledges, although they were forbidden, under penalty of losing their right of protection, to go to the students' rooms, or to address them on the street or in public places in regard to money matters. As certain Jews were accused of having contributed to the ruin of students by advancing money for which the notes given by the latter exceeded the amount actually received, it was decreed in 1796 that only three Jewish families might live in the university city. The chancellor (" Grossvogt "), Von Beulwitz, energetically executed this decree, expelling even those against whom no complaint had ever been made.
In the Nineteenth Century.
At the time of the Franco-Westphalian dominion (1806-13) Keuben Meyer from Gottingen was one of the Jewish deputies presented to Min- ister Simeon by Jacobsou at Cassel.
In 1812 the district ("Syndikat") of Göttingen included about 160 families, of which only three were resident in the city itself. August Wilhelm Niander, ecclesiastic historian, formerly David Mendel, was born in Gottingen. Moritz Abraham Stern, appointed professor of matliematics at Gottingen University in 1859, was the first Jew to be appointed to a full professorship in a German university. In 1902 there were 600 Jews in the community of Got- tingen, which now includes the towns of Gaismar and Rosdorf, and belongs itself to the district rabbin- ate of Hildesheim. The present rabbi is Dr. B. Jacob. He was preceded by Dr. Loevy. Persons bearing tlie name "Gottingen" have lived in various places, '^.g., in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Halberstadt, Ham- burg, Altona, Hildesheim, and Hanover.
The community possesses a synagogue and the fol- lowing institutions: Israelitischer Brilderschafts- ■verein, which cares for the sick and buries the dead; Israelitischer Prauenverein; and Benfey'sches Stipendiura, for the support of the poor and of stu- dents.
BiBuonRAPHT : Zeit- und Gexchicht-Beschreihung der Stadt Gnutnoeii, Hanover and Gottingen. 17S4, part i., book ii., p. 61; 1736, part ii., hnok i., p. 63; Jung, De Jute Bi:cipieruH Judwon, p. 150, Gflttinsen, 1741 ; Beitrane zur StatMik vnn Qotlingen, pp. 6.5, 246 et seq., Berlin, 1785 ; Aiiazua auH Eini- yen Chur-HannoverUschen Landes-Ordimnaen BestUtifiten Stntuten und Ohservanzen der Stadt OIKtini/en, 179(1, p. 57, § 164; p. 58, § 165b (Zlnsen der Juden); Billerbeck, Oeseh. der Stadt GI'Mingen, 1797, p. 35 ; lirandes, XJeher den Oegen- mUrtirien Zu^tand der UnlversltUl Gottingen, 1H03, pp. 294, 29.S ; Cohen, Ueher die Laoe der Juden, etc., p. 17, Hanover, 18'B: Schmidt, Urkundenbuch der Stadt GOttingen hiszvm, Jaht-e lUOO, passim ; idem, Urkuudenbuch der Stadt G/it- tiiigen vnm Jahre UOl bis 1500. p. 127, Nos. 179. 419, note 33 ; Oesterley, in Hannoverwehes Magazin, 1836, No. 83, p. 659 ; Havemann, Gesch. der Latide Draunfichwcig und LUne- hurg, I. 637 ; idem, in ZpAtschrift des Histnrlschen Vereiits fUr Niedermelvien, 1857, p. 206; Wiener, In Jalirbuch Mr die Gesch. der Juden, i. 170, 173, 213 (note 7). 2U (note 12); idem, in Zp/dnehriftde>i Histor. Vereinn fUr Niederftachmn, 1861, pp. 260, 287; HimUfChe GexchieM'Mdtter, 1878, p. 13; Doelmer, Urknndenlmch der Stadt Hildesheim, iv. and vi., piLsslm; vii.. No. 277 ; Thlmme, Die Intieren Zwitdiide d'S KurflXrstentums Hanuavr, etc., 1895, ii. 229 ; Horwltz, Die Israeliten unter dem Knnigreich Wesffalen, pp. 9, 91^ ; Bodemeyer, Die Juden, 185.5. p. 7; Landshuth, Talednt An- she Shem, p. 2; Knufmann. Die Memoiren der Glllckel von HameJn, 161^5-1119, p. 79, remark 1 ; l,ewinsky, in Mnnats- sclirift, 1900, p. 372; Jacob Emden, SheHlat Ya'hez, i., re- sponsum 41 ; Maggid, Sefer Tolednt Mishpahot Gi'nzbvrg, p. .52, St. Petersburg, 1S99; Roest. Cat. Rimehnial. Bibl. i. 677, s.v. Levtr, Horowitz, Frankfurter Rahliiver . . . iii. 95, iv. 35; idem. Die Inschrif ten des Alien Friedhofsder
Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-a.-M. p. 709, s.v. GCittingen and Gautingen ; Auerbach, Gesch. iter laroA- Utischen Gemeinde Halberstadt, p. 107, Halberstadt, 1866. G. A. Lew.
GOTTLIEB, ABBAHAM: Civil engineer and contractor; born at Tauss, Bohemia, June 17, 18^7;
died in Chicago, 111., Feb. 9, 1894. Gottlieb grad-
uated from the University of Prague in 1801, and
was at once employed on the Kaiser Prancis-Joseph
Railroad, then in process of construction. Though
promoted to the position of principal assistant to the
chief engineer of construction, he emigrated in 1866
to the United States and settled in Chicago, 111.,
where, in 1868, he was appointed chief engineer of
the American Bridge Works.
In 1873 Gottlieb became Western agent of the Keystone Bridge Company ; in 1877 he was elected president of the company, removing to Pittsbui'g. During his presidency he constructed the Susque- hanna River bridge at Havre de Grace for the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad ; the Point Pleasant bridge over the Ohio River for the Ohio Centi-al Railroad ; the Plattsmouth bridge over the Missouri River for the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad (the first steel-truss bridge erected in America); the Missouri River bridge at Blair Crossing, Nebraska; the New River Viaduct for the Cincinnati Southern Railway; the Monongahela River bridge at Pitts- burg for the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad; the Madison Avenue bridge. New York city ; the train - shed at Broad Street Station, Philadelphia; the Mexican Government Ex- position and Mining Building at the New Orleans Exposition; the Sixth Avenue Elevated Railroad, New York city ; and the New York approach to the East River bridge.
In 1884 Gottlieb resigned the presidency and re- turned to Chicago to engage in civil engineering and contracting and to act as consulting engineer and Western agent of the Edgemoor Biidge Works. In Chicago he supplied the ironwork for tlie Ma- sonic Temple, the Tattersall Horse Market, and the Administration and Fine Arts buildings of the Columbian Exposition. In 1890, when work on the World's Fair was begun, Gottlieb was appointed consulting engineer, and was afterward appointed chief engineer of the construction department, which position he resigned in September, 1891, when his plans had been largely carried out and the more important buildings eventually erected in Jackson Park were well under way.
Gottlieb became a member of the American Soci- ety of Civil Engineers in 1872, and at the time of his death was one of its directors ; he was a charter mem- ber and twice president of the Engineers' Socii'ty of Western Pennsylvania; president of the Western Society of Engineers; president of Rodeph Slialnm congregation of Pittsburg; and president of Zion congregation, Chicago.
Bibliography: Transactions nf American Society nf CieU Engineers, 1894; ColuwMan Exposition Dedication. Cere- monies, Chicago, 1893 ; Joseph Stolz, In Memoriam of Abra- ham Gottlieb, Chicago, 1894. A. J. Sto.
GOTTLOBER, ABRAHAM BAER (pseudonyms, Abag and Mahalalel): Russian-Hebrew poet and author; born at Starokonstantinov, Volhynia,
