ligious School Union in New Yorli; and is con- nected with llie Jevvisli Chantaiiqua Society.
Bibliography: Who's Who, 1003-05; American Israelite,
Dec. 11, 1903, p. 5.
A. F. H. V.
GOTTHEIL, WILLIAM S.: American pliysi- cian; born in Berlin Feb. 5, 1859; eldest son of Rabbi Giistav Gottlicil. He was educated at Cborl- ton High School, Mancliester, England; New York University, and Cornell University (A.B. 1879) ; and took liis special training at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.D. 1882). From 1883 to 1883 he held the post of house surgeon of the Charity Hospital, New York; and from 1885 to 1888 he lectured on dermatology at the New York Polyclinic. In 1890 Gottbeil was appointed pro- fessor of pathology at the New York College of Vet- erinary Surgeons, and in 1893 professor of dermatol- ogy at the New York School of Clinical Medicine. In the following year he published a "Manual of General Histology," and in 1897 "Illustrated Skin Diseases." Gottheil was editor of " The Clinical Re- corder" In 1898, and has conducted the department of dermatology in "Progressive Medicine." He is consulting dermatologist of Beth Israel Hospital, and visiting dermatologist at the Chai-ity and Leba- non hospitals. New York. In 1896 he was elected president of the Eastern Medical Society, and in 1899 president of the Manhattan Dermatological Society.
A. F. H. V.
GÖTTINGEN : City in the province of Hanover, Germany ; formerly capital of the principality of Grubeuhagen under the dominion of the Guelfic dukes. Jews settled in Göttingen in the thirteenth century, as is shown by a document dated March 1, 1289, by which Dukes Albrecht and Wilhelm per- mitted the council of the city to receive the Jew Closes and his legal heirs and grant them the rights of citizenship. On March 10, 1348, at the time of the Black Death, Duke Ernest issued a patent of protection to the Jews of GOttingen; but they did not escape persecution. On Dec. 24, 1350, the house which had been the Jewish " Schule " was given to the city by the same duke. Jews settled once more in Göttingen, and the city council in 1370 announced its willingness to protect them, but de- manded that the Jews on their part should perform their civic duties. A Jew named From the Meyer is mentioned as of GOttingen in Thirteenth, a record dated Oct. 1, 1385; and in to the 1394 three Jews lived in the city, and. Fifteenth according to an entry in the registry
Century, of receipts, had to pay three marks annually as protection-money. The amount paid as protection-ta.x for the year 1399-1400 was 6 marks 14 pfennigs. When Duke William took over the government of the territory of GOttingen (April 18, 1437), and pledged himself to pay 10,000 florins for the debts and engagements of Duke Otto, leaving to the latter the Jewish protection-money, the city of Göttingen, as regards the Jewish tribute, was excluded from the agreement.
In records of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries there U mention of a long and a short Jews' street ("de lange Joedenstrate," "de korte Joedenstrate"; the latter was also called " die Kipper "). The houses on these streets, among them the Jewish school, were often damaged, especially on New- Year's eve and Shrove Tuesday, when the young members of the Bourse Society, whose place of meeting was in the neighboring Barf iissenstrasse, went through the city committing all sorts of depredations, until the Jews appealed to the magistracy for aid. In 1447 they obtained a decree to the effect that the depre- dations against them should cease; and in return each Jewish house and the Jewish school paid a stoop and a half of wine to the members of the Bourse.
On July 11, 1457, the council of Göttingen ap- plied to the council of Hildesheim in behalf of the Jew Nahman Cynner for a safe-conduct for his mother, Gele Cynner, and his sister, who desired to sojourn for two months in Hildesheim. In the lat- ter city, also, lived Meier (Meyer, Meyger, Meiger) of GOttingen (1423-47), and a woman from GOttingen called "Michelsche " (1429-34). When on June 28, 1591, Duke Heinrich Julius issued an edict revoking the protection and safe-conduct even of those Jews whose patents explicitly extended over a longer period, the council of GOttingen tried From the to defend its rights. On Aug. 13 of Fifteenth the same year it addressed to the gov- to ernor, chancellor, and counselors at
the Eight- Wolfenbilttel a remonstrance concern- eenth Ing the proposed expulsion of the
Century. Jews, in which it pointed out that by the charter granted to the prece- ding council there were still some years of sojourn legally due to these Jews, and that, moreover, the proposed expulsion would be a hardship for the in- digent citizens of GOttingen in that it would not al- low them sufBcicnt time to redeem their pledges- from the Jews. The governor. Wolf Ernst, Count, of Stolberg, sent a very ungracious answer (Aug. 18).
In the following century only a few Jews lived in GOttingen, among them Eliezer Liepmann GOttin- gen, father of Judah Berlin (Jost Liebmann) and of" Rabbi Wolf, author of "Nahalat Binyarain." One of his two sisters was Leah, mother of Liepmann Cohen (Leffmann Behrens) of Hanover. The seven Jews enumerated by Freudenthal in "Monats- sohrift," 1901, p. 480, as having attended the Leip- sic fairs between the years 1678 and 1699, probably lived in GOding, Moravia. The respected Gum- precht ha-Levi (c. 1720) and Elijah Magdeburg (c. 1737) lived in GOttingen. The latter is lauded as a benefactor by Wolf Ginzburg, who studied medi- cine in the same place.
Light is thrown on the social conditions existing at the beginning of the eighteenth century by an edict promulgated Jan. 5, 1718, which declared that no Jew could own a house in the duchies of GOt- tingen and Grubenhagen. During the first few years after the founding of GOttingen University (1737) there were only three Jewish families in the city; and the authority of the university was requisite for the issue of almost all patents of pro- tection. Gradually the number of Hebrews in- creased to ten or eleven families. In 1786 the GOt- tingen Jews held a patriotic celebration at the " festival of thanksgiving for the deliverance of his Majesty . . George III."
