Page:Judson Burmese Grammar.djvu/20

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18
burmese grammar.

causative.

§66. ကြောင့်, because, on account of, from အကြောင်း a cause or reason, is used with simple nouns, as အပြစ်​ကြောင့်, because of the fault; but its great use is in connection with verbs used substantively, as အပြစ်​ရှိ​သော့​ကြောင့်, because of the fault. (See verbs used substantively, §122.) မို့ is equivalent to ကြောင့် but seldom used in writing.

instrumentive.

§67. ဖြင့်, by, with, by means of, as လက်​ဖြင့်​ကိုင်​သည်, to hold with the hand, is the proper instrumentive affix; but it is more frequently superceded by the connective affix နှင့်, as လက်​နှင့်​ကိုင်​သည်, of the same import; or used in connection with the secondary noun အား, in the sense of means, literally strength. (See secondary nouns, §74.)

connective.

§68, The connective affix နှင့် signifies 1st, with, together with, as လူ​နှင့်​လိုက်​သည်, to follow with the man. In this sense it is much used with the secondary nouns အတူ, အညီ, &c. (See secondary nouns, §74.)

2d. It supplies the place of the copulative conjunction and between nouns, as ရွှေ​နှင့်​ငွေ​ကို​ရှာ​သည် to seek gold and silver.

3d. It is frequently used for the instrumentive affix ဖြင့်, as stated above.

locative.

§69. တွင်, ၌, and မှာ, are locative affixes, signifying in, at, among, as အိမ်​တွင်, အိမ်၌, အိမ်​မှာ, in the house. They sometimes have a possessive import, as ငါ၌​ဥစ္စာ​များ​သည်, the goods with me (or my goods) are many.

မှာ, like the nominative affixes ကား, မူကား, &c., frequently signifies as to, concerning, in regard to.

ဝယ် signifies in, but is commonly restricted to nouns of place and time.