Page:Judson Burmese Grammar.djvu/21

ablative.

§70. The ablative affix မှ signifies from, out of, separate from, besides, as တော​မှ​လာ​သည်, to come from the wood; ထို​မှ​တပါး, besides that, one thing more); ထို​နေ့​မှ​စ​၍, beginning from that day, that is, from that day forth, င​အိမ်​မှ​စ​၍​င​ဥစ္စာ​ရှိ​သ​မျှ, all my property, beginning with my house.

§71. က is an ablative affix of the same import with မှ, but has frequently the additional power of a nominative affix, particularly to verbs of speaking or communicating in any way, when the speech or matter communicated comes between the nominative and the verb; as ဘု​ရား​သ​ခင်​က​အ​လင်း​ဖြစ်​စေ​ဟု​မိန့်​တော်​မူ​၏။ God said, let there be light.

§72. Certain verbal affixes, as တုံ, လေ, ပေ, ပါ, and ပေါ့, when affixed to nouns, are merely expletive.

§73. The vocative is expressed by the noun in a simple state divested of all affixes. Sometimes in grave discourse, it is indicated by အို prefixed, as အို​ဆ​ရာ, O teacher.

SECONDARY NOUNS.

§74. Some relations of nouns are expressed by means of secondary nouns which take some of the preceding affixes, and are connected with the principal nouns by ၏ (dropping the formative အ) the sign of the possessive, expressed or understood, as in the following examples:—

အပေါ်, အထက်,

$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$

an upper part;

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

အိမ်၏အပေါ်မှာ, or အိမ်ပေါ်မှာ, အိမ်ထက်မှာ, above, over, or upon the house.

အောက်, an under part; အိမ်အောက်မှာ, under the house.

ရှေ့, a fore part; အိမ်ရှေ့မှာ, before the house.

နောက်, a hind part; အိမ်နောက်မှာ, behind the house.

အပ, အပြင်,	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	an outside; အိမ်ပမှါ, အိမ်ပြင်မှာ, without the house.
အထဲ, အတွင်း,	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	an inside; အိမ်ထဲမှာ, အိမ်တွင်းမှာ, within the house.