the upper classes, beyond what is involved in an equal
share of taxation." But in effect he said: "Let us combine
to deprive the aristocracy of those privileges which are
injurious to the Crown, whilst we retain those which are
offensive only to the people." It was a tacit compact, of
which the terms and limits were not defined; and where
one thought of immunities, the other was thinking of
oppression. The organisation of society required to be
altered and remodelled from end to end to sustain a
constitution founded on the principle of liberty. It was
no arduous problem to adjust relations between the people
and the king. The deeper question was between the people
and the aristocracy. Behind a political reform there was a
social revolution, for the only liberty that could avail was
liberty founded on equality. Malouet, who was at this
moment Necker's best adviser, said to him: "You have
made the Commons equal in influence to the other orders.
Another revolution has to follow, and it is for you to
accomplish it the levelling of onerous privilege." Necker
had no ambition of the kind, and he distinctly guarded
privilege in all matters but taxation.
The resolution of the king in Council was received with loud applause; and the public believed that everything they had demanded was now obtained, or was at least within reach. The doubling of the Commons was illusory if they were to have no opportunity of making their numbers tell. The Count of Provence, afterwards Lewis XVIII., had expressly argued that the old States-General were useless because the Third Estate was not suffered to prevail in them. Therefore he urged that the three orders should deliberate and vote as one, and that the Commons should possess the majority. It was universally felt that this was the real meaning of the double representation, and that there was a logic in it which could not be resisted. The actual power vested in the Commons by the great concession exceeded their literal and legal power, and it was accepted and employed accordingly.
The mode of election was regulated on January 24. There were to be three hundred deputies for the clergy,
