714 Outlines of European History Arabic numerals, 551 Ar'abs, 57 if. ; condition of, before Mohammed, 358; conquests of, 366 ff., 461 ; civilization of, in Spain, 564 Aragon, 564 Arame'ans, 71, 79, 89, 103 Arausio (a ra'shi 0), 291 Ar be'la, 222 Arch, the, 62, 76, 81 Archbishops, powers of, 478 Architecture, medieval, 509 ff. ; Renaissance, 521 f. Ar'chon, 136 A re op'a gus, 156, 173, 182, 186 ff., „ Plate III Ar'go lis, 174 Ar'gos, 124 f. Ariana (a ri a'na), 92 Aristogiton (ar is to jfton), i56f. Ar is toph'a nes, 198, 204 Aristotle, 217; medieval veneration ,, for, 547 ; revolt against, 652 Ar ma'da, 631, 644 Art, Middle Stone Age, 8 f.; Egyptian, 41, 48, 51 f.; Baby- lonian, 64 ff., 69 ; Assyrian, 75 ff.; Chaldean, 83; Cretan, ii6ff.; Greek, 141, 159, 186 ff.; Etruscan, 244 f. ; Roman, 262 Artaxerxes (ar tazerks'ez), 212 Arte mis'i um, 172 Aryans (ar'yanz), 89, 91 ff. Ash ur ba'ni pal, 78 Asia, western, geography of, 56 ff.; races of, 57 ff. Assembly, Greek, 129, 132, 136, 198 ; place of, 182 Assur (as'or), 70, 72 Assyrian art and architecture, 72ff., 76f. Assyrian civilization, 76 ff. Assyrian literature, 78 Assyrian society, 78 f. Assyrian state, 70, 73 Assyrian war, 70 ff., 75 f. Astrology, 83 f., 299, 543 Astronomy, 44, 83 f., 193, 235 A the'na, 144, 188 ff., 195 ; temple of, 231 Athenian Empire, i66ff.; rise of, 178 ff.; triumph of democracy in, 183; in age of Pericles, 185 ff. ; destruction of, 196 ff. Athens, 133; map and plan of, 173; and Sparta, 178, 183 f . ; fall of, 186 ff., 203; after Peri- cles, 203 ff. Athletic games. See Olympian games A'thos (tr Ath'os), Mount, 166 At'ti ca, 133, 166 f. Af'ti la, 320 At'tis, 298 Augsburg, battle of, 438, 449, 504 ; diet of, 601 ; confession of, 602 ; peace of, 603, 646 Augustan Age, the, 281 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 318 Augustus. See Octavian Au re'li us, Marcus, 301 ff. Austria, origin of, 563. See Haps- burgs A ves'ta, 94 A ves'tan, 90 Avignon (av en yofi'), residence of popes at, 493 Axes and daggers, earliest, stone, 10 ; copper, 14, 114 f. Baalbek (bal'bek), 280 Babylon, 58, 80 ff., 97 Babylonian art and architecture, 62, 64 ff., 69 Babylonian captivity, 493 Babylonian law, 67 f. Babylonian religion, 62 f. Babylonian society, 63 f. Babylonian state, 64, 67 Babylonian writing, 60, 62 Babylonians, earliest. See Sume- rians Bacon, Lord, 656 f., 661 Bacon, Roger, 549 Baeda. See Venerable Bede Bagdad, 364 Balance of power, 609 Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, 464 f., 467 Bal'i ol, John, 425 Bannockburn, battle of, 425 Baptists, 677 "Barbarians" (in Greece), 133, 305. See Germans
