Index 715 " Barbarians, Laws of the," 330 Barbarossa. See Frederick I Bards, Welsh, 423 Ba sil'i ca, the, Fig. 1 13 and p. 337 Battering rams, 391 Bayeux (ba yu') tapestry, 409 Becket, Thomas, 413 f. Behistun (be his ton'), 98 Belshazzar, 97 Benedict, St., 349 ; rule of, 349 f. Benedictine order, 349 and note : influence of, 350 Bi'as, 159 Bible, the, origin of name, 23, 140; Persian, 94 [see Avesta) ; Jewish, 108: Luther's translation of, 596 ; English translation of, 61 2 ; King James version of, 661 Bill of Rights, 679 Bishop of Rome, early claims of, 340 ; leading position of, 340- 342, 441 f., 478 f. See Popes Black death, 429 Bo'ghaz-Koi, 113 Bohernia, 375, 575 f., 646 Boleyn (booKin), Anne, 610 f., 614 Bologna (bo lon'ya), University of, 545 Boniface VIII, Pope, 490, 492 Boniface, St., apostle to the Ger- mans, 357 f. " Book of the Dead," 52 f. Books, earliest, in Europe, 140; oldest surviving Greek, 236 ; in Middle Ages, 552 f. Bos'po rus, 306 Bourbons, House of, 43 5; Spanish, 692 f. Bows and arrows, earliest use of 7, 74ff., 95f. Brandenburg, elector of, 575 Bremen (bra'men), 374, 504 Britain conquered by the Angles and Saxons, 355 Bronze, 10, 34 f., 115 Bruce, Robert, 425 Bubonic plague, 429 Burgundians, 322, 327 ; number of, entering the Empire, 329 Burgundy, 432, 436, 573, 690 Bushmen, 115 Business in later Middle Ages, 502 ff. Buttress, 512 f. Byb'los, 139 f. Byzantium (bi zan'shi um), 306 f. " Caesar," 274 Cassar, Julius, 266 ff. Calais (kal'is), 433 Calendars, 23 f., 62, 193, 236 Caliph (ka'lif), title of, 364 Caliphate, transferred from Medina to Damascus, 364; to Bagdad, 364, 375 Callimachus (ka lim'a kus), 168 Callisthenes (ka lis'the nez), 228 Calvin, 607 f., 632 Cambyses (kam bi'sez), 97 Canaanites, 59 f., 102 ff. Canon law, 476 note Canossa, 449 Capitol Hill, 248 f. and Fig. 113 Capitularies, 378 Cardinals, origin of, 445 and note Caria (ka'ri a), 151 Caramel, 138 Carolingian line, 369 note Carthage, 87, 89, 176, 257, 258 ff.; relations with Rome, 256 ff. Carthaginian wars, 258 ff. Cas si 5 d5'rus, his treatises on the liberal arts and sciences, 322 f. Castles, medieval, 387 ff. Cathedral, 47 f. and Fig. 113, 510 f. Catherine of Aragon, 610 f. Catherine of Medici (med'e che), 632 ff. Catholic Church, early conception of, 334. See Church, Clergy Catholic League, 647 f. Cavaliers, 668 Celts, 89, 355; in Britain, 355 Ceres (se'rez), 251 Chaeronea (kerone'a), 216 Chalcedon (kal se'don). Act of the Council of, 342 Chaldea (kal de'a), 89, 96 f. Chaldean art and architecture, 81 ff. Chaldean commerce, 83 Chaldean Empire, 80 ff. Chaldean industries, 83
