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Vowels and Diphthongs (see Note 5)

◌َ	a	ا◌َ،آ	ā (see Note 6)	ى◌ِ	ī
◌ُ	u	ى◌َ	á (see Note 7)	و َ◌	aw
◌ِ	i	و ُ ◌	ū	ى َ	ay

Notes

1. For the use of ا (alif) to support ء (hamzah) and ٓ (maddah), see rule 1(a). For the romanization of ء and ٓ, see rules 4 and 5 respectively. For the use of ا (alif) to represent the long vowel romanized ā, see the table of vowels and diphthongs, and rule 1(b).
2. Final ک and گ (often written ک and گ) may have the form ك, without the distinguishing upper stroke or strokes. The two letters are always distinguished in romanization.
3. For other values of و and ی, see the table of vowels and diphthongs, and rules 2, 3, and 7.
4. ة (dotted ه) when used as an alternative to ت is romanized t.
5. Vowel points are not printed on Library of Congress cards.
6. See rules 1(b) and 5.
7. See rule 3(d).

RULES OF APPLICATION

Letters Which May Be Romanized in Different Ways Depending on Their Context

1.

ا (alif) is used:

‬(a)

As a support for ء (hamzah) and ٓ (maddah). In these cases it is not represented in romanization. See rules 4 and 5.

‬(b)

To indicate the long vowel romanized ā. For the use of ا in tanvīn, see rule 6.

dānā

دانا

‬2.

و is used to represent:

(a)

The consonant romanized v.

	varzish	ورزش
	davā	دوا
	sarv	سرو

Silent و following خ is retained in romanization.

	khvāstan	خواستن
	khvud	خود