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3. Induction and Pattern Recognition | 42 |
Types of Explanation | 43 |
Coincidence | 45 |
Correlation | 46 |
Examples | 47 |
Crossplots | 50 |
Plotting Hints | 52 |
Extrapolation and Interpolation | 53 |
Correlation Statistics | 55 |
Nonlinear Relationships | 58 |
Correlation Conclusions | 60 |
Perspectives on Causality | 60 |
Mill's Canons: Five Inductive Methods | 64 |
Method of Agreement | 65 |
Method of Difference | 66 |
Joint Method of Agreement & Difference | 67 |
Method of Concomitant Variations | 67 |
Method of Residues | 67 |
Correlation or Causality? | 68 |
4. Deduction and Logic | 71 |
Logic | 72 |
Deduction vs. Induction | 73 |
Deductive Logic | 74 |
Classification Statements | 75 |
Deductive Aids: Venn Diagrams and Substitution | 76 |
Logically Equivalent Statements | 78 |
Relationships among Statements | 80 |
Syllogisms | 82 |
Categorical Syllogisms | 83 |
Hypothetical Syllogisms | 85 |
Pitfalls: Fallacious Arguments | 86 |
Fallacies Resulting from Problems in a Premise | 88 |
Fallacies Employing Extraneous Other Evidence | 90 |
Faulty Link between Premises & Conclusion | 92 |
Case-dependent Relationship between Parts & Whole | 94 |
5. Experimental Techniques | 97 |
Observational versus Experimental Science | 98 |
Seizing an Opportunity | 101 |
Experimental Equipment | 101 |
Prototypes and Pilot Studies | 102 |
Troubleshooting and Search Procedures | 104 |
Problem: Find a Needle in a Haystack | 109 |
Problem: Search for the Top Quark | 110 |
Tips on Experimental Design and Execution | 110 |
Pitfalls of Experimental Design | 116 |
Control of Variables | 117 |
Problem: the Noisy Widgetometer | 120 |
Computation and Information Handling | 121 |
LIVING SCIENCE | |
6. The Myth of Objectivity | 125 |
Perception: Case Studies | 125 |
Perception, Memory, and Schemata | 131 |
Postmodernism | 135 |
Pitfalls of Subjectivity | 137 |
Experimental Design | 137 |