Subject Index
A
academic freedom, 4, 6, 7, 135, 212
accident, 21, 32, 69, 93, 115, 139, 141, 177, 178, 204
- also see: chance
accuracy, 17, 18, 20, 25, 27, 29, 45, 102, 103, 113,
- 114, 120, 122, 137, 146, 148, 175
- compared to precision, 20, 103
- definition of, 17
- quantitative, 148-151
- scientific value, 146, 148, 151
algebra, 7
analogy, see: comparison
anthropology, 98, 126, 136, 137
applied research, see: science - applied
astronomy, 1, 4, 6, 10, 44, 45, 68, 90, 98-101, 122, 151, 157, 188, 194, 208, 212
axiom, 4, 13
B
basic research, see: science - basic
bias, 5, 17-20, 25, 34, 35, 50, 51, 91, 114, 116, 118, 120, 125-127, 129, 131, 136-143, 148, 164, 165, 207
- removal via randomization, 19, 42, 67, 118
biology, 60, 90, 98, 139, 149, 151, 177, 178, 209
brain, 51, 132, 133, 142, 176, 177, 204
C
calibration, 18, 114
- standard, 102, 112, 118, 121
career, 165, 186, 189, 195, 199, 200, 206, 210, 211
causality, 7, 13, 43, 60-64, 68, 89, 90, 94, 118, 129,
- 136, 146, 157
- definitions of, 60-64
- determining cause and effect, 42, 60-67, 70, 89,
- 120
- scientific, 62-64
chance, 16, 19, 20, 21, 26, 30, 38, 41, 45, 46, 57, 72,
- 84, 97, 100, 101, 108, 114, 136, 140, 147, 159,
- 161, 171, 172, 178, 196, 206
- also see: accident
change
- artifical variation, 119
- detection of, 13, 15, 37, 65, 69, 139
- scientific, 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 161, 163, 164
- also see: experiment – changes to
chemistry, 9, 45, 151, 166, 206
classification, 4, 43, 45, 55, 84, 99
- classification statement, 75-82
- definition of, 44
- lumpers and splitters, 45
- us/them, 183
comparison, 43, 44, 61, 62, 115, 148
- analogy, 43, 44, 131, 132, 137, 156, 163, 167, 174
- symmetry, 31, 32, 43, 80
competition, 194
- competitive strategies, 203, 204
- cooperation and, 202-204
- industrial, 190
computers, 15, 34, 102, 116, 121, 122, 173, 205
- backups, 115
- information handling, 123
- software proficiency, 121, 198
- troubleshooting, 104, 105
concept, 12, 13, 136
concept map, 153-155
confidentiality, 190, 207
confirmation and refutation, 13, 94, 147, 150, 159, 160
- confirmation bias, 209, 138, 140, 142, 145
- conventionalism, 160
- definition of, 13, 20
- diagnostic experiment, 111, 123, 158, 159, 212
- falsificationism, 14, 156-158, 161
- justificationism, 156-158
- of hypotheses, 42, 146-148, 156-159, 164
- power of evidence, 46, 67, 68, 76, 147, 150, 157, 159, 161
- techniques of, 152
correlation, 43, 46, 55, 58, 60, 67-70, 119, 165
- causality and, 60, 65-70
- coincidence, 45, 46
- confidence levels for, 57
- correlation coefficient (R), 55-60
- rank correlation coefficient, 55, 59
creativity, see: insight
- curiosity, 8, 9, 198
D
data, 12
- accuracy, see: accuracy
- collection of, 136, 161, 162, 169
- definition of, 13
- handling, see: computers - information handling
- interpretation of, 140-142
- recording, 114, 119, 123
