NON-FEDERATED MALAY STATES 175
about sixty miles from Peuang by sea. Owing to the Sultan's ill-health, the hud of the Government is the Regent. There are (1920) 39 Europeans in the Government service, principally in the Public Works, Survey and Police Department*. The police force, distributed in 50 stations, had a strength (December, 1920) of 698 men (principally Malays). There were at the end of 1920, 63 Government schools (about 6,000 pupils), 10 telegraph offices, and 17 post offices. A telephone system extends throughout the State, the wire mileage in 1920 being 1,144. The railway connecting the Federated Malay States and Siam passes through the State. A metalled road (39 miles) connects Alor Star with Perlis, and witn Singora frontier (Siam), and a metalled road (43 miles) connects it with Province Wellesley. Another metalled road (45 miles) connects Baling with Upper Perak in one direction and with Province Wellesley in the opposite direction. 160 miles of canal were maintained in 1920. The revenue of the State for the year 19-20 (M uhamii.adan year 13"S) was 6,050,000 dollars, including Chandu mono ",006; export duty.
756,000; lands, S19.000; and liquors, 5^4.000 dollars; and the "xpenditure, 4.305,000 dollars. The principal produce of North Kedah is rice. There are rubber (output mil coconut, and tapioca estates in South Kedah. About four or five steamei • between Penang and the various ports of Kedah. Kedah-Penang
trade (191?)^ irnport*. 4,104,810 dollars ; exports. 6,980,384 dollars. Postal and telegraph revenue, 1920, 63,378 dollars; expenditure, 99,116 dollars. Postal art:cles dealt with, l,tM9,0O0.
Ruler— H.H. Sultan Sir Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, K.C.M-G. (succeeded in 1381).
Regent.— H.H. Tun ku Ibrahim.
British Adviser.— )l. S. H. McArthnr.
Perlis, on the west coast of the Peninsula and north of Kedah, has an area of about 316 square miles and a population (1911 census) of 32,746. Malays numbered 29.4"7 of the population, Chinese 1,<527, and Siamese 1.3S8. Police force, 1919, 58 n.c.o.'s and men. Fourteen schools were maintained in 1920; average attendance, 1,100. The principal products are rice, tin, and coconuts. There are tin (output of tin-ore in 1919, 113 tuna) and guauo deposits. There are 17 miles of metalled, 11 miles of gravelled road, and 21 miles of earth road in the State. The revenue for 1920 was 443,441 dollars, and the expenditure 277,994 dollars. Public debt, 1920, 495,394 dollars.
Ruler.— H.H. Syed Alwi.
Britith Adviser. — Z. \V. N. Wyatt (Acting).
Kelaatan, on the east coast of the Peninsula, has an area estimated at 5,870 square miles and a population (1911 census) of 286,751, including 5,355 Siamese and 9,844 Chinese. Kota Bharu, the capital, has a population of about 12,000. There axe 16 Government elementary schools in the State. The High Court, the Central Court, and the Small Court are at Kota Bharu, and there are District Courts at Kuala Krai, Pas:r Puteh, Pasir Mas, and Tumpat respectively. The revenue of the State in 191? amounted to 1,141,444 dollars (licences, excise, tc, 407,203 dollars ; customs, 340.875 dollars ; bad revenue, 266,137 dollars), and the expenditure to 1,066,012 dollars. Public debt (1919) 948 dollars.
The chief industry is agriculture. About 343.33S acres were under cultivation in 1919. Chief products : rice (153,739 acres), coconuts (60,087 acres), betel-nuts, rubber ($5,346 acres), resin and gharu, rattan, bamboo, pepper, tapioca, sugar-cane, and maize. A large part of the State is covered with jungle comprising numerous kinds of serviceable timber. The State supports cattle (estimated at 120,000 head), burfaloes (25,000), sheep, goats, and poultry. The almost unworked mineral resources aie believed to comprise gold, galena, pyrites, and tin. Large planting and mining concessions are held by British companies. The principal manufacturing industries are silk-weaving, boat -building, and brick-making. In 1919, total experts, 5,467,424 dollars; total imports, 3,876,679 dollars (191$, 3,615,079 aiui loUats respec-
tively). Chief exports, 1919 : Cattle, sheep, and goa • '.ollars; betel-unts,
107.797 dollars; fish, 222,131 dollars; copra, 1,093,666 dollar*; Para rubber. 3,577.127 dollars. Chief imports, 1919 ; cattle, 24,S60 dollars ; fish. 25,715 dollars : rice, 3,691 dollars; wheat an i Boar. 46,389 dollars; m '.ollars; sugar, 122. 2S$ dollars;
tobacco, 140,704 dollars; salt, IS, SO 4 dollars ; gambier, 30.0S9 dollars; petroleum, 193,344 vlollars ; cotton goods, 953.S05 dollars ; :>er. 3 ',972 dollars :
cement, 04,. >6S dollars ; machiii liars.
Tonnage of steamships inwarls and out 16 tons (73,577 tons in
1?1S). Over 5,905 are registered. Ther-. >:eamsliip communication with
Bangkok and Singapore. Roads (except for t'..e Kota Bharu-Pasir Puteh road, 26 miles) extend only a few miles from the capital ; communication inland is by the rivers. There is bi-weekly connection by rail and steamer between Tumpat and Kuala Lebir On miles up Kota Bharu is in direct telegraphic communication with Bangkok and Penang, and possesses a telephone service. There were ^1919) 4 post officesand 2 sub-post office* in the State.
Ruler.— H.H. Sultan Mohammed IV., K.C.M.G.
British Adviser. — H. W. Thomson.
