MtfLLER ology and anatomy. In 1833 he was appointed to the chair of anatomy in the university pi Berlin, then considered the first in Europe in that department of science. He founded the physico-chemical school of physiology, raising it from a speculative to a positive science, and reformed the study of medicine. He generally passed his vacations on the shores of the Med- iterranean, where he became a favorite with the Italians. His publications, numbering up- ward of 100, embrace nearly every subject in comparative anatomy and physiology, not one of which failed to receive new and valuable illustrations from his hand. His most impor- tant work is the Handbuch der Physiologie (Coblentz, 1833), which has been translated into English by Dr. W. Baly (" Elements of Physiology," 2 vols., London, 1837-'42), and into several other languages. Among his oth- er works are : De Bespiratione Fwtus (Leipsic, 1823), a prize dissertation ; Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtsinnes des Menschen und der Thiere (1826; English translation by Baly, 1848); Grundriss der Vorlesungen uber die Physiologie (Bonn, 1827); Grundriss der Vor- lesungen uber allgemeine Pathologie (1829); and Ueber die organischen Nerven der erecti- len mannlichen Geschlechtsorgane, &c. (Ber- lin, 1835). He also wrote numerous disser- tations on subjects not altogether physiologi- cal. Among these are: EorcB Ichthyologies (Berlin, 1849) ; Ueber die phantastischen Ge- tichtserscheimmgen (Coblentz, 1826); Der Ta- lalc in geschichtlicher, hotanischer, chemischer und medizinischer Einsicht (Berlin, 1832); Ueber die fossilen Beste der Zeuglodonten, &c. (1848); and Ueber Synopta digitata und uber die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Eolothu- rien (1852). His latest investigations were devoted to infusoria, and his Terminologia Entomologica was published at Brilnn in 1850. He also founded several influential periodicals for the promotion of physiology, anatomy, and other sciences. MILLER, Johannes von, a Swiss historian, born in Schaffhausen, Jan. 3, 1752, died in Cassel, May 29, 1809. He completed his studies at Gottingen, where Schlozer diverted his atten- tion from theology to history. He was pro- fessor of Greek in Schaffhausen from 1772 to 1774, when he removed to Geneva, where for a time he supported himself by teaching. In J781 he accepted a professorship in Cassel, but returned to Switzerland in 1783 to prose- cute historical labors, lecturing occasionally, but generally depending upon friends and in- curring large debts. From 1786 to 1807 he was in the service, in various capacities, of the elector of Mentz, the emperor, and the king of Prussia, and received several titles and patents of nobility. After the occupation of Berlin by the French, he incurred the displea- sure of his German friends by his subserviency to Napoleon, and by holding office under his brother, King Jerome of Westphalia. This sentiment, however, subsequently gave way to a general acknowledgment both of his extra- ordinary merits as a writer and the noble traits of his character. His most celebrated work is Die Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenos- senschaft (4 vols., 1780-1805), extending to 1489, and continued to the end of the 16th century by Glutz-Boltzheim (vol. v., 1816) and J. J. Hottinger (vols. vi. and vii., 1825- '9). A French translation by Monnard and Vulliemin extends to the 19th century (19 vols., Paris, 1837-'51). Among his other wri- tings are minor political essays ; Essais histo- riques, published in French under the auspi- ces of Frederick the Great (Berlin, 1780); Beisen der Papste (new ed., Aix-la-Chapelle, 1831 ; French translation, 1859), written against the anti-papal reforms of Joseph II., although he was a Protestant; and Vierundzwanzig Bucher allgemeiner Geschichten, lectures deliv- ered in Switzerland (3 vols., Tubingen, 1811 ; often republished). His complete works have been published in 27 vols. (Stuttgart, 1810- '19), and 40 vols. (1831-'5). Among his biog- raphers are Heeren (1809), Wachler (1809), and Woltmann (1810). MILLER. I. Karl Otfried, a German archaB- ologist, born in Brieg, Silesia, Aug. 28, 1797, died in Athens, Greece, Aug. 1, 1840. He was educated at the gymnasium of Brieg, the uni- versity of Breslau, and that 'of Berlin, where he graduated in 1817, and published in the same year his ^Egineticorum Liber. On leav- ing Berlin he was appointed instructor in ancient languages in the Magdalenum of Bres- lau, where he employed much time in mytho- logical studies and in the analysis of the differ- ent mythical cycles, the results of which are embodied in his Geschichte hellenischer Stam- me und Stiidte, of which vol. i., Orchomenos und die Hinyer, appeared at Breslau in 1820. At the recommendation of Bockh he was ap- pointed in 1819 to a professorship at Gottin- gen, the duties of which included a series of lectures on archaeology and ancient art; and to prepare himself he visited France, England, and various parts of Germany. His Die Dorier (2 vols. 8vo., Breslan, 1824), forming vols. ii. and iii. of the Geschichte hellenischer Stamme und Stadte, was intended to show the connec- tion of manners, religion, politics, and history in one of the Greek races. An English trans- lation by H. Tuffnell and Sir George Cornewall Lewis was published at Oxford in 1830, with additions and corrections by the author, and a new German edition of the whole work was published at Breslau (3 vols., 1844). Of his remaining works, the most important are the Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen My- thologie (Gottingen, 1825 ; English translation by J. Leitch, London, 1844) ; Ueber die Wohn- sitze, die Abstammung und diealtere Geschichte des makedonischen VolJces (Berlin, 1825) ; Die Etruslcer (Breslau, 1828) ; and Eandbuch der Archaologie der Kunst (translated by Leitch, London, 1850). He also undertook for the so- ciety for the diffusion of useful knowledge a
