working his invention, the patent becomes void. A foreign invention can only be patented in case it is patented abroad; and the patent will be granted only to the foreign patentee or his assignee.—In Belgium patents are granted without previous examination, for a term of 20 years. The author of an invention already patented in a foreign country may obtain a patent, which will expire with the foreign patent. The fees are small, and are paid in progressive annual amounts: first year, $1 90; second, $3 80; third, $5 70; and so on to the 20th year, for which the tax is $38. Non-payment of this tax causes forfeiture of the patent. The proprietor of a patent must use his invention in Belgium within a year from the time it is introduced in a foreign country; if the patented article is used in a foreign country, and not in Belgium, the patent will be annulled unless the owner justifies such non-use. From 1,500 to 2,000 patents are annually granted in Belgium.—In Denmark patents usually run for 3, 4, or 5 years. Important inventions are protected for 10, and in special cases 15 years. Patents are not granted to foreigners for more than 5 years. In Sweden, inventors only, whether Swedes or foreigners, are entitled to letters patent, the term being not less than 3 nor more than 15 years.—In Russia patents are granted for 3, 5, or 10 years. Any person who introduces an invention patented in a foreign country may receive a patent, but it will not continue longer than the foreign patent, and in no case will it last longer than 6 years unless the application is made by the inventor, in which case the term may extend to 10 years. The cost of a patent for 10 years is $357.—In Portugal patents are granted for a term not exceeding 15 years; in Italy not more than 15 years nor less than one year, the tax being annual and proportional. Greece has no patent system; monopoly is obtained only by a special law. Brazil issues patents for from 5 to 20 years; Venezuela, not more than 15 nor less than 6.—Curtis's “Law of Patents” (4th ed., 1873) is the standard American work on this subject. The latest English treatise (1874) is by Agnew. The proceedings at the patent office in Washington, with descriptions of all inventions patented, are published weekly in the “Official Gazette,” and since the beginning of 1875 all decisions of the United States courts in patent cases. In vol. iv. of that publication (July to December, 1873) may be found statements of the patent laws of various foreign countries.
PATERCULUS, Caius Velleius, a Roman historian, born about 19 B. C. He attended C. Cæsar in his eastern expedition in A. D. 2, and subsequently served under Tiberius in Germany, Pannonia, and Dalmatia. He was quæstor in 7, and prætor in 15. His Roman history, a brief compendium, of which a part is lost, appears to have been written in A. D. 30, and bears the title of C. Velleii Paterculi Historiæ Romanæ, ad M. Vinicium Cos. Libri II. It is chiefly remarkable for its excellent style. The manuscript was discovered in the monastery of Murbach in Alsace by Beatus Rhenanus, who printed it at Basel in 1520.
PATERSON, a city and the capital of Passaic co., New Jersey, on the Passaic river, at the falls, and on the Morris canal and the Erie, the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western, and the New Jersey Midland railroads, 11 m. N. of Newark, and 17 m. by rail N. W. of New York; pop. in 1850, 11,334; in 1860, 19,586; in 1870, 33,579, of whom 12,868 were foreigners, including 5,124 natives of Ireland, 3,347 of England, 1,429 of Germany, and 1,360 of Holland. The river here describes a curve, forming the boundary of the city for more than 9 m. on all sides except the south, and is crossed by 14 bridges, several of which are fine structures, one just above the falls having a single span of 260 ft. The falls have a perpendicular descent of 50 ft., and the scenery in the vicinity is very picturesque. There is a small and rugged park around them, and in the S. E. corner of the city, on a hillside sloping down to Dundee lake, a fine sheet of water 3 m. long and ½ m. wide, is Cedar Lawn cemetery. Paterson is well built, with paved streets, generally wide and straight and lighted with gas, and contains a large number of handsome residences, particularly in Broadway. The principal public buildings are the court house and jail, market, city almshouse, first national bank, and the opera house. In the vicinity of the falls are a monument to the citizens who fell in the civil war and a tower overlooking the city and surrounding country. Paterson is the residence of many persons doing business in New York, but it owes its prosperity chiefly to its manufactures, for which the falls afford abundant power. The two most important industries are the manufacture of silk goods and locomotives. The silks include ribbons, machine twist, sewing silk, dress silks, handkerchiefs, veils, neckties, scarfs, fringes, braids, bindings, &c. The dyeing of silk is also an important branch of the business. There are about 25 corporations and firms engaged in the silk manufacture and three locomotive works, besides which there are five cotton mills, producing cloths, yarns, shoe lacings, tape, mosquito nettings, buckrams, &c.; a steam fire engine manufactory, a bridge-building company, several iron works and rolling mills producing forgings and machinery of various kinds, a woollen mill, print works, a paper mill, a manufactory of Whitney sewing machines, two of wire, one of brass steam and gas fittings, one of shawls, one of linen thread, one of ingrain carpets, two of chemicals, and several of flax, hemp, and jute goods, embracing twine, cordage, bagging, and ladies' hair switches. The locomotive works in prosperous times employ about 3,000 hands, but since the financial panic of 1873 this business has been much depressed. In that year the capital invested in the manufacture of silk amounted
