PATERSON PATKUL 165 to $4,000,000 ; the number of hands employed was 4,000, and the amount paid in wages $2,- 000,000. All branches of iron work employed 3,758 hands, paying wages to the amount of $2,511,000, and producing articles to the value of $8,517,000. In flax, hemp, and jute manu- factures there were employed 1,390 hands, and goods were produced to the value of $1,748,- 000 ; the wages paid in these branches during the year amounted to $413,384. The city con- tains two national banks with a joint capital of $550,000, a loan and trust company, two savings institutions, and a fire insurance com- pany. It is divided into nine wards, is gov- erned by a mayor and board of aldermen, and has a small police force and a good fire depart- ment, with a fire alarm telegraph. It is sup- plied with water from three reservoirs near the falls, into which it is pumped from the river by the Passaic water company, a private corporation. Two lines of horse cars accom- modate local travel. There are nine large pub- lic school buildings, with good graded schools, including a high school; two daily and four weekly (two German) newspapers; and 39 churches (in several of which the services are conducted in Dutch), viz. : 4 Baptist, 1 Con- gregational, 3 Episcopal, 1 Independent, 1 Jew- ish, 10 Methodist, 7 Presbyterian, 7 Reformed, 4 Roman Catholic, and 1 Swedenborgian. Paterson was founded in 1792 by a company incorporated for manufacturing purposes, under the auspices of Alexander Hamilton. The act of incorporation as a town was signed by Gov. William Paterson on July 4 of that year, and in honor of him it was named. It received a city charter in 1851. PATERSON, William, founder of the bank of England, and of the Scottish colony of Darien, born according to tradition at Skipmyre, Tin- wald parish, Dumfriesshire, about 1660, died in January, 1719. He is said to have been among the Covenanters who were persecuted by Charles II. To escape from these persecu- tions he went to London as a merchant, and also visited America, where he acquired from the buccaneers much information in regard to the Spanish main. In 1692 he was a merchant in London, as is evident from a lease authorizing him and two others to construct the Hamp- stead water works. About this time he made proposals in regard to founding a bank of Eng- land, and a tract entitled " A Brief Account of the intended Bank of England " is supposed to have been written by him. He was one of the first directors of the institution, but resigned. He had long before conceived the project of founding "a free commonwealth in Darien," and after unsuccessful efforts in England it w;ts finally sanctioned by a Scottish act of par- liament in 1695 constituting the Darien com- pany. (See DARIEN, COLONY OF.) After the failure of the expedition he returned to Eng- land and devised a new plan for the colony; but the unexpected death of King William, over whom he had great influence, destroyed all possibility of reviving the project. He was an able advocate of the union of England and Scotland, and when the treaty to that effect was passed, an indemnity was recommended to be given him on account of the losses he had suffered in the Darien expedition, and of his " carrying on other matters of a public na- ture, much to his country's service." But it was not till the reign of George I., and after a long struggle with the government, that the indemnity was paid. Paterson was in 1708 a member of parliament for Dumfriesshire. The last years of his life were spent in Westmin- ster. He was an early and zealous advocate of free trade, and was a decided opponent of the schemes of John Law. His works have been collected under the title of " The Writings of William Paterson, with a Biographical Intro- duction " (2 vols. 8vo, 1858). See Bannis- ter's " William Paterson, the Merchant, States- man, and Founder of the Bank of England, his Life and Trials " (Edinburgh, 1858) ; and "The Birthplace and Parentage of William Paterson," by William Pagan (1865). PATKUL, Johann Reinbold, a Livonian patriot, born in a prison at Stockholm about 1660, exe- cuted at Kazimierz, near Posen, Oct. 10, 1707. He first served as a captain in the Swedish army. In 1689 he was one of a deputation of noblemen sent to Charles XI. to remonstrate against the encroachments of the royal officers upon the rights and privileges of Livonia. Hav- ing participated in other patriotic manifesta- tions, Patkul, in connection with the marshal and members of the Livonian diet, was sum- moned to Stockholm. Procuring a safe-con- duct, he obeyed the summons, but soon judged it necessary to flee to Courland; and a few weeks after his escape he was condemned to be beheaded as a rebel, his property was confis- cated, and his writings were burned by the exe- cutioner. He retired to the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, where he engaged in scientific pur- suits, and afterward visited France. In 1698, after the accession of Charles XII., he sued for pardon ; but his petition being rejected, he en- tered the service of the elector Augustus of Saxony, king of Poland, who appointed him one of his privy council. He participated actively in the coalition between his new master, the king of Denmark, and the czar of Russia against Charles XII., and at different times endeavored to rouse Livonia against the Swedish rule. Dissatisfied with the overbearing manners of Flemming, the principal minister of Augus- tus II., and having moreover, during a mission to Russia, won the favor of Peter the Great, he accepted from the czar the rank of general and the office of Russian ambassador to Dres- den. This roused the displeasure of Augustus, who caused him to be arrested in 1705. When afterward Augustus, defeated by Charles XII., was obliged to abdicate his Polish throne, one of the conditions of peace imposed upon him was the surrender of Patkul. Augustus gave secret orders that his prisoner should be suf-
