SCHEVENINGEN In company with Moritz Wagner he travelled in the United States, Central America, and the West Indies, from 1852 to 1855; and from 1856 to 1859 he was a member of the Aus- trian Novara expedition round the world. In 1869 he was placed at the head of an expe- dition to eastern Asia, and before returning to Europe went alone from Japan to Califor- nia, and spent some time in Guatemala. In 1872 he was appointed Austrian consul gen- eral at Smyrna. He published works on his American travels, partly in conjunction with Wagner (1854-'7); his principal subsequent works are : Beschreibende Theile der Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde (3 vols. 4to, Vienna, 1861-'2) ; Am dem Na- tur- und Volkerleben im tropischen America (Leipsic, 1864); Statistisch-commerzieller Theil der Novara - Expedition (2 vols., Vienna, 1864; newed., Leipsic, 1867, entitled Statis- tisch-commerzielle Ergebnisse einer Reise um die Erde) Fachmannische Berichte uber die osterreichisch-ungarische Expedition nach Si- am, China und Japan (Stuttgart, 1868-'71); and La province de Smyrne (1875). SCHEVENINGEN, a watering place of the Neth- erlands, on the seashore, 3 m. N. W. of the Hague ; pop. about 8,000. It contains a fine old church, a royal pavilion, and a large hotel belonging to the corporation of the Hague. The inhabitants are engaged in fishing. The English fleet under Monk defeated in this vi- cinity the Dutch commanded by Van Tromp, who was killed, Aug. 10 (N. S.), 1653. SCIIK k, Gottlieb, a German painter, born in Stuttgart, Aug. 15, 1779, died there, April 11, 1812. He completed his studies in Paris under David and in Rome, where he finished in 1803 his " David before the angry Saul," followed in 1805 by "Noah's Thank Offering" and an admirable portrait of his friend Wilhelm von Humboldt. Among his other works are "Apollo among the Shepherds" (1807), land- scapes, portraits, and Scriptural paintings. SCHIEDAM, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, near the junc- tion of the Maas with the Schie, 4 m. W. of Rotterdam; pop. in 1873, 20,778. It is well built, has many canals, and contains one Cath- olic and five Protestant churches. The finest public building is the exchange. It is the cen- tre of the trade in spirituous liquors. There are nearly 300 distilleries, chiefly of gin, cele- brated under the name of hollands or Schie- dam schnapps. SCHILLER, Jofaann Christoph Friedricb von, a German poet, born at Marbach, Wurtemberg, Nov. 10, 1759, died in Weimar, May 9, 1805. He attended a Latin school at Ludwigsburg, to which town his parents had removed in 1768. His father then became inspector of the palace of Solitude, near Stuttgart, where Friedrich in 1773 entered the ducal military seminary, which in 1775 was transferred to Stuttgart as a military academy. Schiller was first destined for the church, and next for the law, but he 727 VOL. xiv. 43 SCHILLER 671 chose medicine, and in 1780 became a surgeon in the army. At an early age he had composed poetry and dramas, and for several years he had been engaged on the tragedy Die Rau- ler, which on its publication in 1781 created an immense sensation. The duke of Wurtem- berg, fearing the effect of this work, which idealized brigandage, ordered the author to ad- here to his profession. Schiller nevertheless remodelled the play for the stage, and was ar- rested at Stuttgart for stealthily witnessing its first performance at Mannheim. He escaped from Wurtemberg in October, 1782, to Baden, and subsequently found a refuge in the house of Frau von Wolzogen at Bauerbach, near Meiningen, whose sons had been his fellow pupils, and in September, 1783, became con- nected as a dramatist with the Mannheim the- atre. He remained there about 18 months, during which he translated "Macbeth," and wrote the tragedies Die Verschwdrung des Fies- co and Kabale und Liebe. He also founded the RJieinische Thalia, and published in that periodical the opening acts of his drama Don Carlos and some poems. About the same time appeared his Philosophische Brief e. In 1785 he went to Leipsic, and thence to Dresden, where he finished Don Carlos, and in 1787 to Weimar. Here he met Charlotte von Lenge- feld (who afterward became his wife), Herder, and Wieland. In 1788 he for the first time saw Goethe, but their intimate acquaintance began several years later at Jena. In 1788 ap- peared the first and only volume of Schiller's unfinished Geschichte des Abfalls der Nieder- lande. In 1789 he was appointed professor of history at Jena, and in 1791 finished his " History of the Thirty Years' War," according to Carlyle " the best historical performance which Germany could boast of." Between these two works appeared his strange frag- mentary story Der Geisterseher. Another of his anomalous productions was Der Yerbrecher aus verlorener Ehre. After recovering from a severe pulmonary attack, he continued to work with the same intensity as before, and became absorbed in Kant, whose philosophy suggested to him many profound aesthetic dis- quisitions. He also wrote essays and minor poems for the Horen, and edited the Musenal- manach, in which he and Goethe retorted upon their critics with metrical epigrams (Xenien). For some time he worked almost all night, ta- king stimulants, which undermined his health. His beautiful ballads appeared mostly during this period. In 1799 appeared his drama Wal- lenstein, one of his greatest works, upon which he was engaged for seven years. It is in three parts, Wallensteirfs Lager, Die Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Tod; the last two were trans- lated by Coleridge. Soon afterward he re- moved to Weimar, where his genius was stim- ulated by a closer communion with Goethe. Between 1799 and 1801 he produced the dra- mas Marie Stuart, Die Jungfrau von Orleans, and Die Braut von Messina, and Dot Lied von
