STAHL STAHL, Friedrich Jnlins, a German jurist, born in Munich, Jan. 16, 1802, died at Briickenau, near Kissingen, Aug. 10, 1861. He was of a Jewish family named Schlesinger, but adopted the name Stahl in 1819 on becoming a Chris- tian. He was professor of law at Erlangen and Wurzburg, and from 1840 at Berlin. In 1848 he founded with Bethmann-Hollweg the German church diet, of which he was vice president till 1859, and was a leader of the high Lutheran party. As a member of the Prussian chamber of deputies (1849), of the Erfurt parliament (1850), and from 1854 of the upper house of the Prussian legislature, he advocated feudal principles. His most im- portant work is Philosophic des Rechts (2 vols., Heidelberg, 1830-'37), in which he develops his famous theory of a " Christian state," which is to aid the church by the secular arm in ex- tending Christianity. In Die Kirchenverf as- sung, &c. (Erlangen, 1840), he declared him- self in favor of an episcopal form of church government. In 1855 he had a controversy with Chevalier Bunsen, which attracted gen- eral attention in literary circles. His last great work was Die lutherische Kirche und die Union (Berlin, 1859). STAHL, Georg Ernst, a German chemist, born in Anspach, Oct. 21, 1660, died in Berlin, May 14, 1734. He took his degree at Jena in 1684, and after giving private lectures there, he was physician to the duke of "Weimar from 1687 to 1694, and subsequently professor at Halle till 1716, when he settled in Berlin with the title of royal physician. He was among the first to raise chemistry to an equality with the other natural sciences. In his Theoria Medi- ca Vera (Halle, 1707; new ed. by Choulant, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1831-'3; translated into Ger- man by Ideler, 3 vols., Berlin, 1832-'3) he supposed the existence of an anima or im- material principle resident in the body, crea- ting its organization, and governing all its pro- cesses with reference to the final purpose of preserving life. Every corporeal movement, he said, is the product of a spiritual order. He elaborated also the phlogistic theory which prevailed till the time of Lavoisier, and gave it its name, although its principles had been previously broached by Becher (see HEAT, vol. viii., p. 567), in development and defence of which he published Zymotechnia Fundamen- talis (1697), and Experimented et Observationes Chemica (1731). His works have been trans- lated into French, with commentary by T. Blondin ((Euvres medico-philosophiques et pra- tiques, Paris, 1858 et seq.). See Le mtalisme et V animalisme de Stahl, by A. Lemoine (1864), and CHEMISTET, vol. iv., p. 360. STAHR, Adolf Wilhelm Theodor, a German au- thor, born in Prenzlau, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1805. He completed his studies at Halle, and in 1826 became a teacher there, and subsequent- ly taught in the gymnasium in Oldenburg till 1852, when he settled in Berlin. In 1855 he married the authoress Fanny Lewald. His 760 VOL. xv. 20 STAMMERING 303 works include Aristotelia (2 vols., 1830-'32); Ein Jahr in Italien (3 vols., 1847-'50) ; Die preussische devolution (1850; 2d ed., 1852); Torso, oder Kunst, Kunstler und Kunstwerke der Alien (2 vols., 1854-'5 ; English transla- tion in the "Crayon," New York, 1858-'9) ; 0. E. Lessing, sein Leben und seine Werlce (2 vols., 1859; 6th ed., 1869; English translation, Boston, 1866); Eerlstmonate in Oleritalien (1859; 2d ed., 1871); Bilder am dem Alter- thum (4 vols., 1863-'6) ; with his wife, Ein Win- ter in Bom (1869; 2d ed., 1871); Lebenserin- nerungen (1870 et seq.); Tacitus' Oeschichte der Regierung des Kaisers Tiberius ulersetzt und erUart (1871) ; Goethe's Frauengestalten (for Kaulbach's Goethe- Gallerie ; 4th ed., 2 vols., 1872); and Tiberius' Leben, Regierung und Character (1874). A collective edition of his works was commenced at Berlin in 1871. STAIR, Lord. See DALEYMPLE. STAMFORD, a town and borough of Fairfield co., Connecticut, on Long Island sound and the New York and New Haven and New Canaan and Stamford railroads, 34 in. N. E. of New York ; pop. in 1870, 9,714. The town extends from the sound N. W. to the New York state line, a distance of 10 m., in which there is a series of elevations running N. E. and S. W., affording sites for four villages, High Ridge, Long Ridge, Hunting Ridge, and North Stam- ford. The greater part of the population re- sides in the borough of Stamford, which has a small harbor, made accessible to steamboats by a canal. The borough is supplied with wa- ter brought 10 m., is lighted with gas, and has paved sidewalks. The nearness to New York, attractive scenery, and wholesome air have made the town the residence of many business men from that city. The chief factories are the Stamford manufacturing company, produ- cing extract of logwood, liquorice, &c. ; a lock factory, a billiard table factory, a woollen mill, a stove foundery, a carriage factory, rolling mills, camphor refineries, and manufactories of shoes, fire brick, edge tools, wire, &c. The town contains two national banks, two savings banks, 16 public schools, including a high school, two weekly newspapers, and 14 churches. STAMMERING, a term generally applied to all kinds of defective utterance, but more correct- ly restricted to the organic or symptomatic defects, in distinction from stuttering, which is properly an idiopathic or functional diffi- culty. Both stammering and stuttering may nevertheless be 'treated under the common title. The causes which lead to stammering are usually, though not always, organic ; hare- lip, cleft palate, elongation of the uvula, en- largement of the tonsils, a deficiency or un- usual position of the teeth, tumors of the tongue or cavity of the mouth, and inflamma- tion or ulceration of the parotid glands, are the most frequent of these causes. Where the defect results from functional disturbance, its principal causes are general debility, pa- ralysis either local or general, tetanic or other
