370 STEIN Stein's accession, became in 1808 embittered against him on account of an intercepted let- ter in which the Prussian minister expressed a hope for his speedy downfall. Stein was obliged to leave the cabinet in November, and Napoleon outlawed him in December, and con- fiscated his property. He sought refuge in Austria', and in May, 1812, with the emperor Alexander in Russia. At the end of 1813, after the capture of Dresden by the allies, he was placed at the head of the council for the administration of the reconquered German ter- ritories, and exerted much influence on the memorable events of 1814-'15. In 1819 he formed a society for investigating early Ger- man history, and he promoted the publication of the celebrated Monumenta Germanics His- torica. In 1827 he became a member of the Prussian council of state. Pertz has edited Denkschriften des Freiherrn vom Stein (Ber- lin, 1828), and published Das Leben des Minis- ters Freiherrn vom Stein (6 vols., 1849-'55; abridged ed., Am Stein's Leben, 2 vols., 1856). See also Stern, Stein und sein Zeitalter (Leip- sic, 1855); Yenedey, Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein (Iserlohn, 1868); and Arndt, Meine Wanderungen und WandlungenmitdemReichs- freiherrn vom Stein (Berlin, 1858; 3d ed., 1870). Monuments were erected to him at Nassau in 1872, and in Berlin in 1875. STEIN, Charlotte libertine Ernestine von, a Ger- man baroness, born in Weimar, Dec. 25, 1742, died there, Jan. 6, 1827. She was a daughter of a marshal of the grand ducal court, and in 1764 married the baron Friedrich von Stein, to whom she bore seven children, and who died in 1793. She became intimate with Goethe coon after his first arrival at Weimar in 1775. In 1788, shortly after his return from Italy and the beginning of his liaison with his fu- ture wife Christiane Vulpius, Goethe broke off his relations with Frau von Stein, though she continued to exercise much influence upon his mind. Her tragedy Dido, edited by H. Dunt- zer (Leipsic, 1867), refers to Goethe and his Weimar contemporaries. A. Schott has edited Goethe's letters to her, excepting those from Italy (3 vols., Weimar, 1848-'51), and those addressed by him and his mother to Frau von Stein's son appeared in 1846. Her cor- respondence with Schiller's wife is contained in Charlotte von Schiller und ihre Freunde (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1865). See also Charlotte von Stein, by H. Dantzer (2 vols., 1874). STEIN, Lorenz, a German political econo- mist, born in Eckornforde, Schleswig, Nov. 15, 1815. He became professor at Kiel in 1846, was prominent in the movement for the inde- pendence of the duchies, represented the pro- visional government of Schleswig-Holstein at Paris in 1848, and was removed from his pro- fessorship in 1852. In 1855 he became pro- fessor of political sciences at Vienna. His works include Framosiche Staats- und Rechts- ifttchichte (3 vols., Basel, 1846-'8) ; Geschichte der soeialen Bewegung in Frankreich ton STENO 1789 bis auf unsere Tage (new ed., 3 vols., Leipsic, 1849-'51) ; System der Staatswissen- schaften (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1852-'6) ; Lehrbuch der Finamwissenschaft (Leipsic, 1860; 2d ed., 1871); Die Verwaltungslehre (4 vols., Stutt- gart, 1865-'8); DieLehrevomHeerwesen(lW&); and Gegenwart und Zukunft der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaft Deutschlands (1875). STEINBOCK. See IBEX. STEINLE, Johann Kdnard, a German painter, born in Vienna in 1810. He studied in Munich, worked in Rome under Overbeck's direction, and painted in fresco "The Sermon on the Mount " in the chapel of Rheineck, the " Chorus of Angels" in the Cologne cathedral (1843), and the " Judgment of Solomon " in the Romer at Frankfort (1844). In 1850 he was appoint- ed professor at the Stadel institute. His sub- sequent works include " Christ as the Good Shepherd " and " The Lost Son." STKIvni AL, Heymann, a German philologist, born of Jewish parents at Grobzig, Anhalt, May '16, 1823. He studied in Berlin, and be- came a lecturer there on language and my- thology. In 1852 he went to Paris to study Chinese, and in 1863 returned to Berlin as professor extraordinary. Besides editing with Lazarus the Zeitschrift fur Volkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft (Berlin, 1859 et seq.), he has published Die Classification der Spra- chen (Berlin, 1850) ; Der Ursprung der Sprache (1851) ; Die Entwickelung der Schrift (1852) ; Das gegenseitige Verhdltniss der Grammatilc, Logik und Psychologic (1855) ; Geschichte der /Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen (1863) ; Die Mande-Negersprachen (1867) ; and Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1871 et seq.). STELLIO (Daud.), a genus of iguanian liz- ards, characterized by a triangular, flattened head, covered with numerous small spinous plates ; body depressed, the scales having in- termixed some larger and rougher plates ; a longitudinal fold on each side between the legs ; no femoral pores, and no dorsal or caudal crest , anal pores distinct ; tail with large keeled and spiny scales arranged in whorls; inci- sors four above, canines two above and none below, and cheek teeth triangular ; no teeth on palate ; tongue thick and fleshy. The common stellio (S. vulgaris, Daud.), the lacerta stellio of Linnaeus, the hardun of the Arabs, is about a foot long, of which the tail is not quite one half; the color is olive, shaded and spotted with black above and olive yellow below. It is common in the Levant, and especially in Egypt, where its excrements were formerly collected and used in making cosmetics ; it is very active, feeding on insects, and living in ruins, clefts of rocks, and holes in the ground. The stellio of the ancients was a species of gecko, and probably the ptyodactylus Hassel- quistii (Dum. and Bibr.). (See GECKO.) STENDHAL. See BEYLE. STENO, Nicolas, a Danish anatomist, born in Copenhagen in 1638, died in 1686. He studied medicine at Copenhagen and afterward at Ley-
