STENOGRAPHY den, where lie graduated in 1664. Very early in his professional life he discovered the exis- tence, course, and office of the excretory duct of the parotid gland, since known as " Steno's duct." He acquired reputation by his anatom- ical writings, became physician to the grand duke of Tuscany, and afterward professor of anatomy at Copenhagen. Keturning to Flor- ence, he became a Catholic in 1669 and a priest in 1677, and was for the rest of his life a mis- sionary with the title of apostolic vicar of the see of Rome for all the north. STENOGRAPHY, a method of abbreviating or- dinary writing by the use of signs, now al- most universally superseded by phonography or phonetic shorthand. (See PHONOGRAPHY.) STENTOR, a Grecian herald in the Trojan war, from whose name is derived the word mtorian. Homer describes him as "great- learted, brazen-voiced Stentor, who shouted as loud as fifty other men." STEPHEN (Gr. o-tyavoe, a crown), Saint, the first martyr of the Christian church. He was Hellenist by birth, and one of the seven leacons in the Christian congregation of Je- usalem, who, upon the complaint of the Hel- lenists that their widows were neglected, had been chosen by order of the apostles to super- intend everything connected with the relief of "le poor. The Jews charged him with speak- ig against the law and the temple, against Eoses, .and against God, and by order of the ihedriin he was stoned. (Acts vi. and vii.) tis death is believed to have happened in the rear 36 or 37. His feast has been celebrated the eastern and western churches on Dec. 36 since the 4th century. STEPHEN, the name of ten popes, of whom le following are most important. I. Stephen , Saint, born in Rome about 200, died there in 57 (according to some authorities in 260). [e was elected in 253 (or 257). His pontifi- is remarkable for his having deposed, at instance of St. Cyprian, the Novatian Mar- ms, bishop of Aries, for having reversed sentence of a Spanish synod deposing two Bishops accused of apostasy ; and for a mem- orable controversy with St. Cyprian rela- ting to the necessity of rebaptizing converted heretics. Only fragments of Stephen's epis- les are extant. He was put to death during the persecution of Valerian. II. Stephen HI. (called by French historians Stephen II.), born in Rome about 690, died there in April, 757. "le was educated in the school of St. John 3ran, and was a canon regular of that ba- silica when he was chosen pope, in March, 752, as successor of Stephen II., who died three days^after his election, without having received episcopal consecration. Stephen III., immediately after his accession, opposed As- tolphus, king of the Lombards, who had pos- sessed himself of Ravenna and its dependent >rovinces, and demanded the surrender of and its territory. Having for a year vainly sought the armed intervention of the STEPHEN 371 Greek emperor Constantino V., the pope went to Pavia in October, 753, to conciliate Astol- phus, and thence to Pontyon in Champagne, in January, 754, where he implored the pro- tection of Pepin, king of the Franks. During Eastertide an assembly was held at Quercy- sur-Oise, at which Pepin and his nobles pledged themselves to defend the pope, and the latter gave a series of decisions relating to matrimo- ny and church government. In July he con- secrated the abbey church of St. Denis near Paris, and anointed and crowned Pepin and his sons Carloman and Charles (afterward Charlemagne), and returned to Italy with Pepin and a powerful army. Astolplms was forced to give up the exarchate of Ravenna; but after the departure of Pepin in December he reoccupied these territories and besieged Stephen in Rome. Pepin recrossed the Alps early in 755, defeated Astolphus, and com- pelled him by treaty to make over the exar- chate to the pope. This treaty, which was signed by Pepin, his sons, and the chief Frank- ish barons and prelates, assigned the recon- quered provinces as a gift "to the blessed Pe- ter, the holy church of God, and the Roman republic," and inaugurated the temporalities of the Roman see. In 756 Desiderius, the suc- cessor of Astolphus, ratified this treaty as a condition to his being recognized by Stephen and Pepin. The literary remains of Stephen III. consist of important letters contained in the Codex CaroUnus, and of his Eesponsa ad Gallos, in Labbe's Concilia. III. Stephen X. (Frederick of Lorraine), born about 1000, died in Florence in 1058. He was brother to Godfrey of Lorraine, duke of Tuscany. Pope Leo IX. made him a cardinal, and in 1054 sent him as legate to Constantinople. On his re- turn in 1055, his life being threatened by the emperor Henry III., he fled to Monte Casino, and became a Benedictine monk in that mon- astery, and in May, 1057, its abbot. He 'was made cardinal priest by Pope Victor II., in whose place he was elected in August, 1057, by the influence of Cardinal Hildebrand (after- ward Pope Gregory VII.). He held several councils in Rome for the enforcement of sa- cerdotal celibacy, and degraded all incontinent clerics w r ho had violated the statutes of Pope Leo IX. He visited Monte Casino, caused an abbot to be elected in his own place, compelled the monks to reform all abuses incompatible with their vow of poverty, and created Pietro Damiani cardinal. He issued the most rigor- ous decrees against simony, but maintained the exemption of clergymen from trial by lay judges, and from being taxed without the au- thorization of the holy see. STEPHEN, king of England, the fourth and last of the Anglo-Norman line, born about 1100, died Oct. 25, 1154. His father was Stephen, count of Blois, and his mother was Adela or Adelicia, the fourth or fifth daughter of William the Conqueror ; and Stephen was their third son and sixth child. He early be-
