713,610; Missouri, $206,213,429; Illinois, $205,620,672; New Jersey, $169,237,732; Connecticut, $161,065,474; Michigan, $118,394,676; Rhode Island, $111,418,354; and Indiana, $108,617,278. The great centre for the manufacture of boots and shoes, straw goods, cotton and woollen goods, and textiles in general, is in Massachusetts. The manufacture of iron (excepting castings), machinery, cast-steel springs, and glass ware is most extensively carried on in Pennsylvania; of leather, flour, sewing machines, and refined molasses and sugar, in New York; of silk goods, in New Jersey; of agricultural implements, in Ohio; and of clocks, India-rubber and elastic goods, and hardware, in Connecticut. The following statement affords a comparison between the values of leading products in 1870 and 1860:
| INDUSTRIES. | VALUE OF PRODUCTS. | |
| 1860. | 1870. | |
| Agricultural implements | $17,487,960 | $52,066,875 |
| Boots and shoes | 91,889,298 | 181,644,090 |
| Brick and tile | 11,263,147 | 29,302,016 |
| Carpets other than rag | 7,857,636 | 21,761,573 |
| Clothing, men's | 80,830,555 | 147,650,378 |
| Hosiery | 7,280,606 | 18,411,564 |
| Cotton goods | 115,681,774 | 177,489,739 |
| Flouring and grist-mill products | 248,580,365 | 444,985,143 |
| India-rubber and elastic goods | 5,768,450 | 14,566,374 |
| Iron, blooms | 2,628,178 | 7,647,054 |
| Iron, pig | 12,748,727 | 69,640,498 |
| Iron, rolled | 31,888,705 | 120,314,158 |
| Iron, cast | 36,132,033 | 99,843,218 |
| Iron, forged | 2,030,718 | 8,385,669 |
| Lead, pig | 839,222 | 3,499,183 |
| Liquors, distilled | 26,768,225 | 36,191,133 |
| Liquors, malt | 21,310,933 | 55,706,643 |
| Lumber, sawed | 96,715,854 | 210,159,327 |
| Machinery | 51,887,266 | 138,519,246 |
| Nails and tacks | 9,857,223 | 23,101,082 |
| Oil, vegetable | 7,689,960 | 13,249,241 |
| Oil, animal (not fish) | 2,568,336 | 9,728,667 |
| Salt | 2,289,504 | 4,818,229 |
| Sewing machines | 4,255,820 | 14,097,446 |
| Soap and candles | 18,464,574 | 22,535,337 |
| Silk | 6,607,771 | 12,739,362 |
| Steel | 1,778,240 | 9,609,986 |
| Sugar and molasses (cane), refined | 42,241,834 | 108,941,911 |
| Tar and turpentine | 1,031,356 | 3,585,225 |
| Tobacco, chewing and smoking, and snuff | 21,820,535 | 38,388,350 |
| Tobacco, cigars | 9,068,778 | 33,373,685 |
| Woollen goods | 61,894,986 | 155,405,358 |
| Worsted goods | 3,701,378 | 22,090,331 |
The number of cotton (spinning) mills in the United States in 1875 was 875, having a total of 9,539,364 spindles; of these, 694 mills, with 9,057,543 spindles, were in northern, and 181 mills, with 481,821 spindles, in southern states. The quantity of cotton consumed during the year ending June 30 was 1,242,080 bales of 576,742,753 lbs., including 1,097,001 bales in northern and 145,079 in southern mills. The total number of spindles has increased from 7,114,000 in 1870 to 9,539,364 in 1875, the ratio of increase being larger in the southern than in the northern states. The consumption of cotton has increased from 930,736 bales in 1870 to 1,242,080 in 1875. For the production and manufacture of cotton in the United States, see Cotton, and Cotton Manufacture.—The statistics of mining in 1870 were as follows:
| MINERALS. | No. of establishments. |
Hands employed. |
Amount of capital. |
Value of products. |
| Asphaltum | 1 | 23 | $514,286 | $450,000 |
| Cinnabar | 4 | 811 | 11,900,000 | 817,700 |
| Coal, anthracite | 231 | 53,096 | 51,016,785 | 38,495,745 |
| Coal, bituminous | 1,335 | 41,658 | 68,991,244 | 35,029,247 |
| Copper | 40 | 5,404 | 7,789,374 | 5,201,312 |
| Gold, hydraulic mined | 362 | 1,978 | 1,887,484 | 2,508,531 |
| Gold, placer mined | 1,632 | 8,463 | 5,624,549 | 7,266,613 |
| Gold quartz | 224 | 8,297 | 9,454,500 | 4,360,121 |
| Gold and sliver | 57 | 2,114 | 29,062,400 | 9,068,526 |
| Iron ore | 420 | 15,022 | 17,773,935 | 13,204,138 |
| Lead | 112 | 1,126 | 613,736 | 736,004 |
| Marble | 22 | 795 | 1,316,600 | 804,300 |
| Nickel | 1 | 48 | 60,000 | 24,000 |
| Peat, cut | 4 | 39 | 13,100 | 8,200 |
| Petroleum | 2,314 | 4,488 | 10,045,826 | 19,304,224 |
| Silver quartz | 102 | 1,056 | 4,015,000 | 3,248,861 |
| Slate | 101 | 1,749 | 2,738,239 | 1,311,492 |
| Stone | 997 | 12,573 | 7,152,854 | 9,971,100 |
| Zinc | 15 | 588 | 2,414,942 | 788,880 |
| Total | 7,974 | 154,328 | $222,384,854 | $152,598,994 |
Of the above named minerals, nearly one half in value were the product of Pennsylvania, which produced nearly all of the anthracite coal and of the petroleum, more than a third of the bituminous coal, and more than a fourth of the iron ore. The census returns of gold and silver were greatly below the actual production. The annual production of gold in the United States to 1873 and of silver to 1874 is given in the articles Gold, vol. viii., p. 81, and Silver, vol. xv., p. 57. The production of gold in 1874 amounted to about $42,000,000, and that of silver in 1875 to about $40,000,000. The production of pig iron in the United States has increased from 784,178 tons in 1855 to 919,770 in 1860, 931,582 in 1865, 1,865,000 in 1870, 2,854,558 in 1872, 2,868,278 in 1873, and 2,689,413 in 1874. About one fourth of the total amount is smelted from Lake Superior ores. The production of Bessemer steel has increased from 3,000 tons in 1867 to 40,000 in 1870 and 176,579 in 1874; that of other steel from 15,262 tons in 1865 to 35,000 in 1870 and 47,481 in 1874. In 1875 there were 10 establishments producing Bessemer and 42 other steel. The latest statistics of the production of iron and steel in the United States, as reported by the American iron and steel association, are as follows:
| PRODUCTS—NET TONS. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. |
| Pig Iron | 2,854,558 | 2,868,278 | 2,689,413 |
| All rolled iron, including nails | 1,941,992 | 1,966,445 | 1,839,560 |
| All rolled iron, including nails and excluding rails | 1,941,992 | 1,076,368 | 1,110,147 |
| Rails of all kinds | 1,000,000 | 890,077 | 729,413 |
| Bessemer steel rails | 94,070 | 129,015 | 144,944 |
| Iron and all other rails | 905,930 | 761,062 | 584,469 |
| Street rails | 15,000 | 9,430 | 6,739 |
| Kegs of cut nails and spikes | 4,065,822 | 4,024,704 | 4,912,180 |
| Merchantable Bessemer steel other than rails | 16,430 | 27,985 | 31,635 |
| Total of merchantable Bessemer steel | 110,500 | 157,000 | 176,579 |
| Crucible cast steel | 27,260 | 32,786 | 34,128 |
| Open-hearth steel | 3,000 | 3,500 | 7,000 |
| All other steel | 7,740 | 13,714 | 6,353 |
| Blooms from ore and pig iron | 58,000 | 62,564 | 61,670 |
