son being the leader of the movement. The American Antislavery Society took the boldest ground in favor of the immediate abolition of slavery, and its work was for many years looked upon as fanatical, or at least hopelessly impracticable, its members were denounced, its meetings broken up, and rewards offered in the South for its leaders alive or dead. Divergence of opinion on the question of political action caused a split in the society in 1840. The non-voters under Garrison, although but a small portion of the Abolitionists, gained control of the old society. The others formed the American and Foreign Antislavery Society, but the movement had outgrown a society formation and found a better and more conservative expression in the Liberty Party (q.v.) and its successors. Among the prominent Abolitionists were William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Samuel J. May, Lucretia Mott, Lydia Maria Child, Arthur Tappan, James G. Birney, John G. Whittier, William Goodell, Gerrit Smith, and William Jay. The parent society continued to exist until after the adoption of the fifteenth amendment, in 1870, remaining small in numbers but largely influential in its propagandist work. For a partial bibliogiaphy of the movement see the biographical sketches of the leaders here mentioned. See Abolitionists; Slavery.
AN'TISPASMOD'IC (aiiti-fGk. c-aafioc,
spasmos, convulsion, spasm). Any drug that
has a sedative effect upon the nervous system,
either by depressing the brain or spinal cord or
by stinnilating inhibitory centres, and so regu-
lating the production of nerve force. The former
class includes the bromides and chloral. The
stimulating antispasmodics are asafetida, bella-
donna, camphor, Hoffman's anodyne, hops,
musk, and valerian. As a class,' they are em-
ployed in conditions of nervous excitation, par-
ticularly of a hysterical nature, in asthma, alco-
holism, and in convulsions from epilepsy and
other causes.
ANTIS'THENES OF ATH'ENS (born about 444 B.C.). The founder of tlie Cynic School of Greek pliilosophy. He studied under the Soph- ist Gorgias, and was a disciple and ardent fol- lower of Socrates. He wrote a large number of pliilosophical works, and for many years taught elocution and philosophy. Antisthenes regarded freedom and happiness as attainable only through virtue; but the meaning of his doctrine is ambiguous until the definition of virtue is given. In this Antisthenes followed Socrates' €ud;enionistic principles. For Antisthenes, how- ever, virtue was not in doing good for its own sake; the object of virtue was to render man as independent as possible of the events of life, and tliis freedom was attainable by reducing the wants of life to what is absolutely inevitable, viz., the wants of hunger and, love. Customary moral- ity and the demands of decency, as well as the pleasures of life, both material and intellectual, were ridiculed by Antisthenes and his followers and denounced as depriving man of his freedom, and hence, as leading to nothing but unhappi- ncss. Nevertheless, the Cynic was not inconsist- ent Avhen he advocated a philosophic culture; but this culture was to be looked upon as a means, and not as an end; it was desirable not for its own sake, nor for the sake of the intel- lectual pleasure which it could afford, but as leading our intelligence to avoid consistently the artificial enjoyments of civilized life.
ANTIS'TROPHE {anti + Gk. arpoipy, strophe, a turning, strophe, stanza). A stanza or portion of a poem following the strophe, and responding to it. Or when the same word or phrase is used at both the. beginning and the end of a clause or sentence; as,
"Fare thee well ; and if forever,'
Still forever fare thee well."
ANTITH'ESIS. See Rhetoric, Figures of.
AN'TITOX'IN {anti + toxin; Gk.ToiiK6v,tox- t7.'o«, poison for the arrow, from TO^of, toxoti, bow). During the course of diseases caused by bacterial infection, certain poisons (toxins) are developed in the blood by the bacteria, or exist in the bodies of the bacteria. Nature, in combating the disease, produces certain principles in the serum of the blood of the patient, called antitoxins, which antagonize the action of the toxins. These principles have not been isolated, but they are used to combat disease artificially by injecting blood serum which contains them into the tissues of a person suffering with a bacterial disease, to aid him in neutralizing the toxins resulting dur- ing that disease. Antitoxins combating the poi- sons of snake-bite, pneumonia, tuberculosis, yel- low fever, bubonic plague, cholera, and other ailments have been prepared and used. The one most often employed is the diphtheria antitoxin, which is frequently called simply antito.xin. See Bacteria; Diphtheri.; Serum Therapy.
AN'TI-TRADE' WINDS. See Winds.
AN'TITRIN'ITA'RIAN ( anti + trinitarian, from Lat. trinitas, triad, trinity). One who de- nies the doctrine of the Trinity. An Antitrini- tarian dift'ers from a Unitarian only in this respect, that his objection to the doctrine in question is made on philosophical, while that of the latter is made on theological, grounds.
AN'TITYPE {anti + type: Gk.Tv-o^, typos, an impression, model, pattern). The fulfillment of the type. Thus. David is often regarded as a tj'pe of Christ, who is. therefore, the antitype. The sacrificial offerings of the Old Testament were types of Christ as the one perfect sacrifice, and he is their antitype. See Type.
ANTIUM, an'shi-uni (now Anzio, formerly Porto d'Anzio). One of the most ancient cities of Latitim. It stood on the coast, about thirty-four miles from Rome, and. being favorably situated for commerce and piracy, it was under the Volscians, into whose hands it had fallen, one of the most powerful enemies of rising Rome, until finally subdued ( 338 B.C. ) . It became a favorite resort of the wealthy Romans, and some of the most famous remains of ancient art have been discovered among the ruins of their villas and palaces, such as the "Apollo Belvedere" in the Vatican, and the "Borghese Gladiator" in the Louvre. It was the birthplace of the emperors Caligula and Nero, and the latter constructed a splendid port by means of two moles enclosing a basin two miles in circumference. Remains of the moles still exist. although the basin is mostly filled up with sand. The modern little town of Anzio (Porto d'Anzio) is a fishing place and a favorite bathing resort of the Romans, and contains some charming villas. It has a population of over 2000.
