dates are commonly given, as it is difficult to get at the real facts. For his biography, consult L. Burgener (Lucerne, 2d ed., 1870). See Saint Bernard the Great.
BERNARD, bar'nar', Simon (1779-1830). A French engineer and general. He served in the Army of the Rhine under Napoleon, who made him his aide-de-camp in 1813. In the retreat after the battle of Leipzig (1813) he was severely wounded, and in the same year was conspicuous for defending Torgau during a vigorous siege of three months. He adhered to the Restoration, and in 1816 obtained permission to go to the United States on the invitation of President Madison. In this country, where he arrived with Lafayette in 1824, he was employed by the Government as chief engineer of the army, and in this capacity planned Fortress Monroe and some of the defenses around New York. He also had a considerable share in some of the great civil engineering works of the time, notably the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Delaware Breakwater. When the Revolution of 1830 in France broke out, he returned to that country, and prepared plans for the fortification of Paris. He was Minister of War in 1834, and again from 1836 to 1839.
BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, bar'-nar'daN' de saN' pyar. See Saint-Pierre.
BERNARDINO OF SIENA, ber'nar-de'no se-a'na, Saint (1380-1444). An Italian Franciscan friar, born at Massa di Carrara. He entered the Franciscan Order in 1404, and was appointed vicar-general of the Order in 1438. The strictness of the earlier monastic rule was restored by him. He was famous as a preacher, and wrote several mystical works. He was canonized in 1450. His writings were published in Venice in 1594, and again in 1745 (4 vols.). For his biography, consult Toussaint. Das Leben des heiligen Bernhard ( Regensburg, 1873).
BERNARDO DA VENEZIA, ber-nar'do da va-na'tse-a (?-1436). An architect of the closing period of Italian Gothic. He was Court architect to Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan and author of the plans for the Certosa (q.v) at Pavia in 1396. He was consulting architect of the Cathedral of Milan and constructed the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine, the finest Gothic church in Milan after the cathedral. Its superb facade is in five divisions, with rich details. He also erected the castle of Pavia. His Venetian origin explains the resemblance in the interior of the Certosa to Venetian churches.
BERNARDO DEL CARPIO. del kar'pe-o. A Spanish warrior. He was the son of Don Sancho de Saldana and Ximena, the sister of Alfonso II. of Leon, who had been secretly married. On learning of the marriage the King imprisoned Don Sancho and had his eyes put out, and sent his wife to a convent. The boy was brought up at court, gained early renown in the wars against the Moors, and became one of the most famous soldiers of the Ninth Century. Incensed because he could not obtain his father's liberty, Bernardo went over to the Moors and established himself in the strong castle of Carpio, whereupon the King promised to release the father if Bernardo would surrender the fortress. It is uncertain what became of Don Sancho, but according to some chronicles Bernardo went to France, where he became a wonderful knight-errant. His name occurs frequently in romances, ballads, and plays, and is the title of an epic poem of 1624. Lope de Vega makes him a national hero and conqueror of Roland at Roncesvalles. Mrs. Hemans has also made poetic use of him.
BERNARDO DELLA GIRANDOLE, del'la je'ran-do'la. See Buontalenti, Bernardo.
BERNAUER, ber'nou-er, Agnes (?—1435). A beautiful girl of Augsburg, whom Duke Albert of Bavaria loved and married (1432). His father, Duke Ernest, intent upon gaining for his son the hand of Anna of Brunswick, caused Agnes to be accused of witchcraft and drowned (1435). Albert in his grief and resentment made war upon his father, but was finally reconciled, erected a monument to the memory of Agnes, and married Anna of Brunswick. The story of Agnes Bernauer has been made the theme of a number of poems, novels, and plays. Consult Count Törring, Agnes Bernauerin (Stuttgart, 1891).
BERNAY, bar'na'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Eure, France, on the Charentonne, 17 miles southeast of Lisieux. It has two fine churches, those of Sainte Croix and Notre Dame, dating from the Fourteenth Century, and remains of an abbey of the Eleventh Century, now fitted up for public offices, and the abbey church as a market. A noted horse fair, one of the most important in France, is held annually during the fifth week in Lent. Population, in 1896, 7966.
BERNAYS, ber'nis, Augustus Charles (1854—). An American surgeon. He was born in Saint Louis, Mo., and was educated at McKendree College, Lebanon, Ill., and at the University of Heidelberg. After studying a year at the Royal College of Surgeons, England, he began to practice surgery in Saint Louis, Mo., where in 1883 he was appointed professor of anatomy and clinical surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Afterwards he was appointed to the same position at Marion Sims College and at Woman's Medical College. He ranks among the leading surgeons of the United States, and has been among the first to carry out successfully several important operations. These are treated in the works entitled: Kolpohysterectomy: a New Operation for the Treatment of Retroflexion of the Uterus, and The First Successful Case of Cæsarean Section for Placenta Prævia.
BERNAYS, ber'nis, Jakob (1824-81). A German philologist; of Jewish parentage. He was born in Hamburg, and was educated at the University of Bonn, where he was professor extraordinary and librarian from 1860 until his death. His complete works, which deal chiefly with Greek philosophy, were edited by Usener (Berlin, 1885). In classical philology his most important production is an edition of Lucretius (1856). Consult C. Schaarschmidt, Biographisches Jahrbuch (Berlin, 1881).
BERNAYS, Leopold John (1820-82). An English divine, translator, and author. He was born in London, and as a son of Adolphus Bernays (1794-1864), professor of the German language and literature at King's College, London, from 1831 to 1863. He was educated at Saint John's College, Oxford, was headmaster of Elstree School from 1847 to 1860, and rector of
