BONNET. 283 BONNEVAL. ■which the article was made, possibly Hind, hanat, ■woolen cloth, broadcloth). A covering for the head, distinguished from the hat (q.v.) by being briraless. Since the distinction between bonnets, hats, and caps has, in all periods, been to a great ex- tent arbitrary, the history of bonnets is of neces- sity involved in that of the head-covering in gen- eral, and especially the cap. Just as the hat is the direct descendant of the roomy pctasos of the ancient Greeks, with its broad brim for pro- tection froro the sun, the bonnet, in its original signiheanee, is a descendant of the pileos, the conical, close-fitting cap of the Greek soldier, seaman, and mechanic. It ■was made of cloth, leather, or felt, and resembled the modern fez. This same cap was worn by the Roman artisan. It diiTered from the modern Phrygian bonnet or liberty cap (q.v.) in not having the top bent or drooping forward. The milra was a tall cap worn bv the Persians and the neighboring na- tions during the Graeco-Roman epoch. One form was alluded to as the Phrygian cap. Persons of dignity wore another style, which ended in an ornament, and frequently resembled our modern conventional crown. This cap was in general use in Western Asia from the time of the As- syrian Empire to the time of the Parthian wars against Rome. In this connection may be men- tioned the 'bonnets' in Ex. xxix. 9, and Lev. viii. 13, the round mitres worn by ordinary Jewish priests as distinguished from the headdress like half an egg in shape, peculiar to the high priests. ■Mitre' in Ex. xxviii. 4, and 'diadem' in Ezek. xxi. 26, translate the same Hebrew word. A closely related headgear was the tiara-shaped cap worn by priests and married men and women. It is comm'onlv supposed that the bishop's mitre and the tiara "of the Pope are derived from the Asiatic headdresses. The European Ijonnet of the Middle Ages was of cloth, silk, or velvet, according to the taste of the wearer, and varied greatly in shape at dif- ferent periods. Among women it frequently adopted such grotesque proportions as the heii- ,iin, worn in the Fifteenth Century— an absurdly hio-h bonnet, mounted on cardboard. In the Six- teenth Century, hats, too, began to be generally worn. The Scotch clung to their old bonnet, cele- brated by stories and songs. The braid bonnet of the Lowland peasantry, broad, round, and flat in shape, overshadowing' the face and neck, resem- bled the bontjcl licnrnnis or b&et Basque of the south of France. It was dark blue in color, ex- cept the red tuft on the top. The fabric was of wool, without seam or lining, and exceedingly durable. From having been worn mitil compara- tively recent times by small rural proprietors, it <'ave"to the local notabilities the distinctive ap- pellation of 'bonnet-lairds.' The Highlanders have long worn lionnets of tlic same fabric, but of difVerent shape. The P.almoral is flat, and resembles the Lowhand bonnet. The Glengarry rises to a point in front and is without any brim. The (ilengarry was the undress fatigue-cap of the British infantry, but has now been super- seded bv what is known the 'fleld-ca]),' provided with flaps to cover the ears. See Costume. BONNET, b6'n,1', Ai.FREn Maximilien (]g41_). A classical philologist, born in Frank- fort-on-the-Main in 1841. He studied at Bonn, and became professor of the Latin language and literature at Montpellier. He is the author of De Claudii Oaleni Suhfi nil rat tone h'mpirica (1872) ; Lc latin de Greyoire de Tours (18!»0) ; La philologie classique (180'2). BONNET, Charles (1720-93). A S^wiss naturalist and philosopher, born in Geneva. He was educated for the law, but devoted himself to science. A dissertation on aphids, in which is described for the first time parthe- nogenetic reproduction, procured for him, at the age of 20, the honor of being made corre- sponding member of the French Academy of Sci- ences, and in 1743 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 174.5 he publislied Traits d'in- sectologie, and in 1754 Eecherches sur I'usage df.'s feuiUes dans les plantrs. Failing eyesight compelled him to abandon investigation, and he devoted himself to philosophical speculation. He wrote Considerations sur les cordis organises (1762-68), in which he expounded the theory of einhoitcment, or the preformation of germs; Contemplation de la nature (17C4-6,'5) ; Palingi- nrsie pliilosophique, ou idfes sur I'etat passe et sur I'ctat des etres vivants; Reclierehes philoso- phiques sur les preuves dn Christ ianisme ( 177:1) . Bonnet enjoyed a wide reputation and influence as a naturalist and philosopher; he originated the term 'evolution' to apply to the successive unfolding of preformed germs, a meaning quite (lifl'erent from its present one. BONNET FLUKE, SHARK, etc. See Fluke; Shark, etc. BONNETHEAD. A small shark of the genus Reniccps, as Reniceps tihuro, the shovel- head, related to the hammer-head, and frequent- ing warm seas. BONNET-MONKEY. See JNIacaque. BONNET-PIECE. A gold coin of James V. of Scotland, so called on account of the King's head being decorated with a bonnet instead of a crown, as was usual. James V. was the first Scottish sovereign who placed dates on his money, and the first who diminished the size of the gold coins by "increasing their thickness." The most remarkable are those commonly called the 'bonnet-pieces,' which were struck of native gold. In beauty and elegance of workmanship, they approach the Roman coins. These 'bonnet- pieces' are among the most valued curiosities of the antiquary. BONNET ROUGE, bo-nfi' roozh. The Liberty Cap of till- French Revolution. The name was also transfc'rred to the revolutionists. BONNEVAL, hon'val', Claude Alexanhke, Count de (1675-1747). A French adventurer, also called Achmet Pasha. He was born of a noble family at Couss.ac, in Limousin, proved unmanageable at the Jesuit college, and was placed in the Royal Marine Corps in his thir- teenth year. He was transferred to the (Guards, and served with great distinction in Italy and the Netherlands under Catinnt. Villcroi. and Luxembourg; but having Indiaved with great insolence to the Minister of War. he was con- demned to death by a court-martial. He fled to Germany, where, upon the recoiiiincndation of Prince Eugene, he obtained employment in the Austrian service. He now bore arms against his native country, was present at the battle of Mal- plaquet. distinguished himself by many daring exploits, was raised to the rank of lieutenant
