BONNEVAL. 283 BOITOMI. field-marshal, and fought under Prince Eugene in the war between Turkey and Austria, at Peter- wardein and Belfrrade. At Vienna, after the peace of Passarowitz, he made himself very disa- greeable to the Prince, and was therefore sent, in 1723, as master-j;eneral of ordnance, to the Neth- erlands, where he soon pot in<o a quarrel with the Governor, was broujrht to trial, and con- demned to death. The Emperor commuted the sentence to one year's imprisonment and banish- ment from German soil. Bonneval went to Con- stantinople, where he was cordially welcomed, became a Mohammedan, taking the name of Achmet, and was made a pasha of three tails. He was employed in organizing the Turkish artil- lery and achieved successes as general of a divi- sion of 20.000 men in the war of the Porte with Russia. For his services the Sultan appointed him Governor of Chios: but his own imprudence and the envy of others caused his removal from this office. He died in Constantinople. He vain- ly attempted to stir up the Sultan against Aus- tria. His remarkable energy and great military talents were offset by a boorish and quarrelsome disposition, which always made him enemies on every side. Consult: Memoirs of the Bashaw Count Botuieval (J-ondon, 17.50) ; Vandal, Le Pacha BonnevaJ (Paris, 1885). BONNEVILLE, Lake. See Lake Bonneviixe. BONNEVILLE, Benjamin L. E. (1795- 187S) . An American army engineer and explorer. He was born in France: emigrated to the United States, and graduated at West Point. In 1820 he was constructing a military road in ilissis- sippi. and in 1831 started on an exploring ex- pedition to the Rocky Jlountains and was not beard from for several years. lie sened in the Florida and Jlexican wars, rising to the grade of colonel, and in 1861 was retired on ac- count of disability, but sered during the Civil War as superintendent of the recruiting service in Missouri, and was raised to the rank of brigadier-general in 1805. Washington Irving edited and amplified the Advetitures of Captain Bonneville, V.S.A.. in the Uocky Mountains and the Far West (1837). BONNEVILLE, br.n'vcl', Nicolas de (1760- 1828 1. A French author and publicist, born in Evreux. Upon the outbreak of the Revolution he was appointed an elector and a district president of Paris, and devi-scd, it is said, the idea of the National Guard. He was the founder of a so- ciety known as the Cercle Social, from whose press there appeared several patriotic journals, such as the Bouche de Fer, the Chroniqiie du Jour, and the Bien-Informe. He was imprisoned as a Girondist in 1793, and also suffered perse- cution imder the Empire for his advanced views. Among his works are: oureau theatre allc- ma»</ ' ( 1782) ; Histoire de I'Europe moderne (1789-92); Le vieux tribune (1791) and Poesies (1793). BON'NEY, Chables Carroll (1H31-1903). An American lawyer, president of the World's Con- gress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition. He was born at Hamilton, N. Y. ; studied at Col- gate University', and was a teacher in 1848-52. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1852, and from 1890 to 1893 was president of the Interna- tional Law and Order League. He organized and was president of the World's Congresses, in- Vol. 111—19. eluding the Parliament of Religions, held in con- nection with the exposition at Chicago in 1893. BONNEY, Thomas George (1833—). An English geologist, born at Rugeley. He studied at Saint John's College. Cambridge, where he was tutor from 1868 until 1876. Subsequently he became professor of geologj* at the University of London. In 1884 he was Hulsean lecturer, and in 1S1I2 Rede lecturer, at Canil)ridgc. He was president of the Geological Society of Lon- don in 1884-80, and in 1899 was elected vice- president of the Royal Society. His publications include The Alpine Regions ( 1868) ; Charles Ly- cll and Modern Geology (1895) ; and Volcanoes (18!isi. besides four volumes of sermons. BON'NIBEL (Fr. honne et belle, good and beautiful ) . A stock name employed for the heroine in the old pastorals. BONNIE BLUE FLAG, The. A popular Confederate song, the authorship of which is dis- ])Uted. It has been attributed to Henry Mc- Carthy and to Annie C. Ketchum. The song was first given in 1801 at the Varieties Theatre in New Orleans. BONNIER, bS'nya', Gaston (1853—). A French botanist, born in Paris. He studied at the Normal School there, and was 'appointed a professor at the Normal School, and subsequent- ly (1887) at the Sorbonne. He founded the laboratory for botanical researches at the Sor- bonne, and the l.iboratory for the study of veg- etable biology at Fontainebleau. The Revue Genernle de Botanique is edited by him, and he has published useful Florce — Les plantes des ehamps et des hois: excursions hotaniques (1887). and other works. BONNIVARD, bd'ne'var', Francois de ( I496-C.1570I . A Swiss patriot. Byron's "Pris- oner of Chillon." Educated at Turin, he became in 1510 prior of Saint Victor, near (Jeneva, and aided the Genevese against the Duke of Savoy, who captured and imprisoned him for two years Later he was taken by robbers and offered to the Duke, who imprisoned him from 1530 to 1536 at Chillon. The Genevese and Bernese liberated him. He returned to Geneva, where he was re- warded with a pension, and died in honor. His Chroniques de Geneve, written at municipal re- quest, were published there in 1831. Consult (]lribble. Lake Geneva and Its Literary Land- marks (1901). BONT^YCLABBER. An old provincial name fur milk that in the process of souring has become thick and clotted. The word is a com- pound of Ir. bainne, milk, and claba, thick mud. The word clabber alone is sometimes used in the same sense as the compound. BONO, bd'm'.. BON, bon, or BtTONO, bwr/nA. A familv of 'cnctian architects and sculptors. Its founder, Giovanni Bo.no (1400?-42?), and his son Babtolommeo Bono (1421-42), were the greatest artists of the late Gothic period in Ven- ice, the authors of the famous Palace Ca' d'Oro (1421) and the Porta dclla Carta (1438), be- tween the Doge's Palace and Saint Mark's. See Gothic .Architecture. BONOMI, b6-n0'm;-, Giuseppe (1739-1808). An Kalian architect, who in 1707 settled in Eng- land. He was •well known in Italy, having been appointed an architect of Saint Peter's, and in England aided greatly in the revival of Greek
