BORCHGREVINK. 313 BORDEAUX. fxplorer, bom in Christiania. He studied there and at the Royal Saxon School of Forestry, Tharandt. and in 188S emigrated to Australia, where he was a surveyor in New South Wales and Queensland, and an instructor in languages at Cooerwell College. New South Wales. In 18114-05 he accomijanied a whaling expedition to the South Seas, and in 1895 presented to the Sixth International Geographical Congress, as- sembled in London, the results of his observa- tions within the Antarctic Circle. On August 22, 1898, he set sail from London for the South Pole, in command of the Southern Cross expedi- tion, organized by Sir George Xewnes, proprietor of the ^VestmillSter Gazette and the Strand MiKjazine. He effected a landing at Camp Adare, South Victoria Land, on February 17, 1890, erected a station, and spent nearly a year there in exploration and scientific investigation. (Tlie Southern Cross was sent to Xew Zealand on March 2, 1899, and returned on January 28, 1900.) The expedition mapped the coast about Robertson Bay; discovered a new island, which was named after the Duke of York; studied Antarctic flora and fauna: found the south mag- netic pole to be in (approximately) latitude 73° 20' S., and longitude 146° E., aiid with sledges reached the "furthest south" — latitude 78° .50'. Consult: Borchgrevink. First on the Antarctic Continent (1901). BORDA, bor'da'. .Je.x Chables (1733-99). A French mathematician, born in Dax, France. In 1756 he was made associate member of the -Vcadeiny of Sciences for a paper on the move- ment of projectiles. In 1771 he was associated with Verdun de la Crenne and Pingre in proving the accuracy of chronometers. He also devoted much attention to the subject of .ship-building, and suggested important imjirovements in the form of vessels. Along with Delambre and Me- chain, he was a leading member of the French commission intrusted with the measurement of the meridian arc comprised between Dunkirk and Barcelona. He rendered essential service in the commission on the new system of weights and measures. He invented a new instrument for measuring the inclination of the magnetic needle; and his corrections of the seconds pendulum are still in use. He is best remembered, however, for his improvement of the reflecting circle, on which instrument he published a work in two volumes, Ttrscriiition et usage du cercle a reflexion (Paris, 1787). BORDE, bOr'dc, Andrew. See Boobde, An- drew. BORDEAUX, bur'do' (anciently, Lat. Bur- diqalii. frrjni. perhaps, a Celtic or Iberian source). One of the most important seaports of France, seat of an archbishop, and capital of the Depart- ment of Gironde (ilaj): France, F 7). It is beautifully situated in a plain on the left bank of the GaVonne. about 60 miles from its mouth in the Atlantic. Ships of more than 1000 tons burden can easily ascend the river at high water to Bordeaux, which is accessible at all times to vessels of 600 tons. Its harbor is ca- pacious, and counts a floating dock among its many facilities. Next to Havre, it is the chief port for the transatlantic trade, and is an im- portant centre of the French cod-fishing ships foi Newfoundland and elsewhere. The river is crossed by a noble bridge of 17 arches, 532 yards in length, erected by the elder Deschamps in 1811-21. The old town, consisting partly of high wooden houses of the Fifteenth Century, has narrow, crooked streets; but the newer parts of the city and the suburbs have wide streets, fine squares, and pleasant promenades lined with trees. The Cathedral of Saint .Xndrc, which was consecrated in 1096. is remarkable for its beau- tiful towers, 160 feet high. The Church of Sainte Croix is a Romanesque basilica of the Tenth Century; that of Saint Seurin is also very old. The former archiepiscopal palace is used as a town hall. The university numbers 100 pro- fessors and 2000 students. The city possesses a public library of about 200,000 volumes and 1384 MSS., including a MS. copy of Montaigne's essays. The principal branches of industry include the production or manufacture of sugar, brandy, liquors, vinegar, nitric acid, printed calicoes, woolen goods, carpets, hats, paper, earthenware, glass bottles, metallic wares, and resinous arti- cles. The rope works, cooperages, and dockyards are extensive and full of activity. The Canal du Midi, connecting Bordeaux with the Mediterra- nean, enables it to supply the whole south of France with the colonial produce which it im- ports; and also with English tin, lead, copper, coal, dyestuffs, herrings, etc. Wine, brandy, vin- egar, dried fruits, haras, turpentine, and glass bottles are among its principal exports. Except the wines of Champagne, no French wines are so much exported to foreign countries as those grown in the district of Bordeatix and known as Bordeaux Wines. Some of them are red (known in England as claret), others w-hite. Of tlie red wines. Medoc is one of the l)est l;nown. The red wines produced by the vine- yards of Chateau-Lafitte. Chateau-Latour, Cha- teau-Margaux. and Haut-Brion are particularly celebrated for their quality. The white wines of Graves and those of Sauternes, Barsac, Preig- nac. and Langon are in the highest repute. Popu- lation, in 1896, 256,906. In ancient times Bordeaux was called Burdi- gala, and was the cajiital of the Biturigea Vivisci. It was a very prosperous town in the time of the Romans; was made by Hadrian the capital of A<iuitania Secimda ; and was both the prin- cipal em])orium of the southwest of Uaul and the seat of its best educational institutions. It was taken by Charles JIartel in 735, and was plundered by the Northmen in the Ninth Cen- tury. It became the capital of the Duchy of Guienne, and in 1152 passed, by the -narriage of Eleanor of (hiienne with Henry of Normandy (afterwards Henry II. of England), under the dominion of England. Bordeaux was f jr a con- siderable time the seat of the splend'd Court of Edward the Black Prince. During the Revo- lution Bordeaux was the principal seat of the Girondists, and suffered fearfully at the hands of the Terrorists. Its inhabitimts were the first to declare for the Bourbons (n 1814. During the Franco-Prussian War a delegation of the Government of National Defens*, retreat- ing before the advancing (Jerman A'-my, sta- tioned itself, December. 1870, at Bordeaux, and the first sittings of the National Assembly were held there in 1871. Rosa Bonheur was bom in Bordeaux. See: Lourn«>t. Oocumcnts vlatifs aa port de Bordeaux (Bordeaux, 1880)! Jullian, Ilistoire de Bordeaux depuis Ics originfi^ 'uaqu'en
