BORROMEAN ISLANDS. 326 BORROW. the Seventeenth Century, built a castli'.whiclicim- tains some good paintings and other art trcasuros, hut the north wing of which is still untinishod. The garden, which rises in ten terraces on the southern slope, contains rare plantsandnunierous shell-grottoes, and is adorned with fountains and statues. On Isola Madre the terraced garden is less extensive. The population of the islands is about 300. BORROMEO, lior'ronia'o. Saint. Carlo (1538- 84). An Italian prelate and reformer. He was born October 2, 15.38, at the castle of Arona, on the west bank of Lago ilaggiore, the family seat of his ancestors. He studied law at Pavia. and took the degree of doctor in 155'.). His uncle. Pope Pius IV. (1559-05), soon after lieing raised to the Pontificate, appointed him, notwithstand- ing his youth, to a number of high otfiees, and made him a Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan. Borromeo displayed great faithfulness and abil- ity in governing Ancona. Bologna, and other parts of the States of the Church as Legate, and in discharging the duties of offices connected with ecclesiastical administration in Rome, Sur- rounded, as he was, with magnificence and luxury, he was always grave, pious, and rigid in his life, studious, and a patron of letters. Pius IV. made him his grand plenipotentiary, and did nothing important without his coop- eration. It was in a great measure through his in- liuence that the reopening of the Council of Trent was accomplished, and that its deliberations were broncht to a conclusion so satisfactory to the Papal wishes. He committed its decrees to mem- ory, had the principal part in drawing up the Ctttechi.imiis Roiikiiiiix for exposition of them, and proceeded to give all possible effect to them in his .archiepiscopal province. Borromeo's exertions, not only for the improvement of ecclesiastical discipline, but also for the reformation of morals in the Archbishopric of Milan, aroused the hostil- ity of some local monastic orders, and also, to some extent, that of the Spanish authorities in Milan, who were jealous of the extension of his jurisdiction. An attempt was even made upon his life in 1500. He spent a great part of liis in- come in beautifying the cathedral and other churches. With a view to providing well-tiualificd priests, he founded in 1570 the Helvetic Col- lege in Milan. He brought about an alliance of the seven Catholic cantons, known as the Golden Borromean League, for the united defense of their faith. He exerted his energies successfully in extirpating Protestantism from Jlilan by means of the Intpiisition. In the famine of 1570, and during the plague in ;Milan in 1578. he dis- played great energy and benevolence, saving the lives of multitudes by the prompt arrangements which he made for necessary relief. Exhausted by his labors and his austerities, he died on November .'5, 1584.^ He was canonized in 1010. His embalmed body, enshrined in asilversarcoph- aiTis and visible through a lid of rock-crystal, lies in Milan Cathedral in the Cappclla San Car- lo Borromeo beneath the dome — a subterranean crypt, noted for its wealth of decoration and ac- cumulation of priceless jewels and costly gifts. The saint's body and other relics may be viewed by permission. Many miracles are said to have been wrouglit at his tomb. His theological works were published at Milan, in 1747, in five volumes folio. On the western bank of Lago Maggiore, in the neighborhood of his birthplace, a colossal brazen statue of him, 70 feet high, was erected in 1097. His broth- er's son, Count Fcderigo Borromeo, born 1564, was also a cardinal, and from 1595 to lO.'U Arch- bishop of Milan, and was the founder of the Am- brosial! Library (q.v.). He died in 1031. For the best biographv of Borromeo, consult Sylvain, 3 vols. ( Bruges. 1884 ) . BORROMINI, bor'ro - me'ne, Francesco (1599-1007). .
Italian .scvilptor and architect,
born at Bissone (Lombardy), He studied sculp- ture in Milan, and architecture in Rome under Carlo Maderno, then architect of Saint Peter's, whom he assisted in some of his work. After Maderno's death he continued for some time under the direction of Bernini, the succeeding architect. But an unreasoning hatred for Ber- nini sadly disfigured both his character and his art. Bent upon surpassing his rival, he attempted the arbitrary and the bizarre, and became one of the chief representatives of the baroque style. He built the Church of San Ivo alia Sapienza, the Oratory and Cloister of San Filippo Neri. the fa- cade of the Church of Santa Agnese in the Piazza Navona, and the interior of San Giovanni in La- terano. iIortifie<l at Bernini's success, he killed himself in an access of hypochondria. BOR'ROW, George Henry (1803 81). An English author. He was born at East Dereham, Norfolk, -July 5, 1803, the son of Capt, Thomas Borrow, of the West Norfolk Regiment, Moving with his father's regiment from one station to another, he saw nuich of England, He was also for a short time in Edinburgh, where he attended the high school, and then in Ireland, In 1816 the family settled at Norwich, and three years later George was articled to the law. He had already acquired some knowledge of seven lan- guages; and now, instead of attending to the law, he proceeded to study seven more. He had also become interested in the gypsies, and had read many tales of wild adventure. On the death of his father (1824) he went to London, where he was employed as compiler and hack ; his longest production was Cclchralvd Trials (1825), giving the record of all sorts of criminals. To this period also belongs Romantic Ballads (1826), translations from the Danish. In 1838 Borrow was appointed agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society. Now began, in the service of tliis society, his extensive tours through Russia, and afterwards through Portugal and Spain. Later he traveled as far east as Constantinople. True to his youthful predilection, he made the gypsies scattered over every part of EurojHi one of the principal siibjeets of his study. And he was con- tinually adding to his vast linguistic knowledge. In 1846 he married and settled on Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft. From here he made many excur- sions through Celtic Britain — Cornwall. Wales, Ireland, etc. — and for a time lived at Yarmouth. In 1800 he removed to London, and in 1874 re- turned to Oulton, where he died. .Tuly 20, 1881. Borrow was a man of splendid physique. His knowledge of languages was probably more exten- sive than profound. But in literature he has left a name. His first important work — The Zinrali, an account of the gj-psies in Spain — appeared in 1841. It was followed two years later by The Bible in .V/7(ti»., the most widely read of all Bor- row's works. In 1851 was published Lavengro, and in 1857 its sequel. The Romany liye. These
