BOYLE. 391 BOYS. with £50 of the "Boyle Lectures" (q.v.) in de- fense of Christianity. In 16(i8 he took up his residence poniianently in London, and was thenceforth able to devote much of his time to the business of the Royal Society. In 1G80 he was chosen president, but declined the honor. A peerage had repeatedly been oll'ered to him. and declined. In ItiSS. finding his health failing, he shut himself up against all interruption, in order to husband his remaining time for the labor of repairing the loss caused by the acci- dental destruction of his ilSS. In 1GS9 his failing health induced him to lessen his activi- ties in various directions, and on December 30, 1(591, he died in London. Boyle was tall and emaciated in person, and extremely temperate in his habits, often subject to low spirits, but naturally lively and of rare conversational pow- ers. His scientific reputation was unrivaled among his contemporaries, who regarded him as the successor to Bacon's primacy in such matters. His work in science is fully discussed in this Encyclopa?dia under the title Chemistry. See also Boyi.e's Law. Boyle's style in writing was very verbose. His complete works (includ- ing his very interesting correspondence), with a life by T. Birch, and an index, were published in 5 vols. (London, 1744; 2d ed. 1772, G vols.). BOYLE, Roger (1621-79). An English sol- dier, statesman, and author. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and was at first a parti- san of Charles I., but subsequently served under Cromwell, of whose Privy Council he became a member. After Cromwell's death he secured Ireland for Charles II., and upon the Restoration was made Earl of Orrerv. He wrote Partheiiissa (166.5-G7), and A Treatise of the Art of War ( 1677 ) , besides plays and poems. BOYLE LECTTJBES. An annual course of lectures delivered at Saint-JIary-le-Bow Church, London, so called from the founder, the Hon. Robert Boyle ( q.v. ) , who settled an annual sal- ary of f.iO charged upon his dwelling-house in Saint Michael's, Crooked Lane, London, for 'some preaching minister,' who shall preach eight sermons in the year for proving the Chris- tian religion against atheists, deists, pagans, .lews, and Mohanuuedans. not <lescending to any controversies among Christians themselves. Archbishop Tenison procured a yearly salary r.f £50 to be charged upon a farm at Brill, Bucks, instead of the original charge for the endowment. The office is tenable for three years. The first series of lectures, .1 Confutation of Atheism, was preached in 1602 by Richard Bent- ley (q.v.). In 1704 Dr. Samuel Clarke preached the lectures, entitled A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, in answer to the arguments of Hobbes, Spinoza, and their follow- ers. All the lectures preached up to 1732 were collected into a fine folio edition, in 3 vols. (Lon- don, 1739) ; since that period, till recently, few of the lectures have been published, but among them may be mentioned F. D. .Maurice, The Re- ligions of the World (1846, 4th ed. 18G2) ; C. Merivale, The Conversion of the Roman Empire (1864); The Conversion of the Northern Na- tions (1865) ; E. H. Plumptre, Christ and Chris- tendom (1866) ; J. A. Hessey, Moral Difficulties Connected with the llible (3 series, 1871-73) ; H. Wace, Christianity and Mornlily (1874, 5th ed. 1882) ; W. C. E. Newbolt. The (lospel of Experi- ence: or, the Witness of Human Life to the Truth of Revelation (1895). BOYLE'S FUMING LIQUOR, or Volatile Liver oe Si limu u. A mixlurc of various am- monivun polysulpliides. It is obtained in the form of a dark yellow, strongly fuming liquid with a pungent odor of hydrogen sulphide, by distilling a mixture of 1 part of sulphur, 2 parts of ammonium chloride, and 3 parts of lime. BOYLE'S LAW. A law of physics formu- lated by Robert Boyle, which states that when a gas is at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass re- mains constant. The same discover}- was also made by the French physicist jSIariotte, and the law is sometimes called Mariotte's Law, or the Law of Boyle and ilariotte. See Elasticity; He.at; and Critical Poixt. BOYLSTON. boil'ston. ZABmEL (1680-1766). An American physician, born in Massachusetts. He was the earliest advocate of inoculation in the L^nited States, but the whole profession opposed him, and a law. afterwards repealed, was pagsed against the practice. He secured the support of several prominent ministers, however, and the practice gradually became general in Xew England. He wrote several pamphlets on inocu- lation and several papers in the Philosophical Transactions of London. Consult an article, "Zabdiel and John Boylston." in Vol. XXXV. of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register (1881). BOYNE, boin (Ir. Boinn) . The most im- portant river in the east of Ireland, rising in the Bog of Allen, and flowing through Kildare, King's County, Meath, and Louth (Map: Ire- land, E 3). It passes Trim, Navan, Slane, and Drogheda, .and enters the Irish Sea 4 miles below the last town, after a course of over 70 miles, its total descent being 336 feet. Its chief tribu- taries are the Deel, Mattoch, and Blackwater. It is navigable for vessels of 250 tons to Drog- heda, and for barges of 70 tons to Navan, 19 miles up. Turgesius, the Dane, sailed up the Boyne in the year 838 and plundered Jleath. It is chiefly famous for the battle of the Boyne (q.v.), which took place on its banks near Drog- heda, in July, 1690. Consult Wilde, The Beau- ties of the Boyne and the Blackwater (Dublin, 1869). BOYNE, Battle of the. A battle fought on July 11 (new calendar: .Tuly 1, old style), 1690, 3 miles west of Drogheda, on the banks of the Boyne, Ireland. This battle was fatal to the cause of James II., and assured the ascendency of Protestantism in England. The troops of James, 30,000 in number, were defeated with a loss of 1500 by the forces of William 111. (James's son- in-law ) , who had about the same number of men, but lost only about 500. An obelisk, 150 feet high, marks the scene of the battle. For the bitter feeling among the Irish which fol- lowed this battle, see Oraxoemex. The anni- versarv of the battle of the Bovne is celebrated on July 12. BOYS, Ships'. In nautical language, all the young or green hands on hoard, so called with- out much reference to their age. In recent times, arrangements have been made to give a more precise meaning to the term by engaging boys or lads as part of the crew. There has
