BOYS. 392 BOZEN. been no such rating in the United States Navy since the establisliment of the apprentice sys- tem, but it is still preserved in the British Navy. BOYS' CLUBS. A term applied both to organizations formed by boys and to those main- tained by adults on behalf of boys. An investi- gation, made by Dr. H. D. Sheldon in 18!I8. of 862 clubs formed by American boys between the ages of 10 and 17, revealed the following as to their purpose: Twenty-three were secret socie- ties, 28 social ('good times'), 50 industrial, 10 philanthroi)ic, 28 literary, art, and musical, 105 predatory (hunting, fighting, preying, etc.), 379 athletic and game clubs. The majority of these were started by boys of the ages 11, 12, 13, the numbers being, (11) 155; (12) 164; (13) 188. Eighty-seven per cent, of the clubs were formed by boys between the ages of 10 and 15, while 851/i I'er cent, stood for physical activity. It was found that interest in athletic organiza- tions increased to the thirteenth year, then rap- idly diminished ; while interest in literary so- cieties, etc., increased with maturity. Boys and. girls seldom joined in forming clubs. The underlying motives of boys' clubs pro- moted by adults are very different. It is sought to mold character, to remove boys from bad sur- roundings, to inspire to better things. These clubs are of two types. The earlier 'mass clubs,' which had their great development in the last half of the Nineteenth Century, up to about 1890, sought to get the boys off the streets, to furnish fitting opportunities for games, etc. In some clubs manual training was introduced. The clubs were large, numbering their members by hundreds. In some cities large club build- ings have been erected. Such clubs have done much good work, but the personal relation of the leader to the individual boys is necessarily limited. This personal influence is the key- note of the second type, which came into exist- ence with the social settlements, the first of which in the United States was started in 1889. The clubs are small (8 to 12 members), and hold regular meetings once or twice a week, the programme being varied to suit the boys' inter- ests ; or individual clubs take up specific courses. The boys are usually of one locality, and often are friends. Thus they are interested in each other, and the leader has a chance to c(mie into close contact with them all. Both types exist in the cities, but the tendency is toward the small clubs. The large clubs tend also to become more of a federation of special clubs. Consult: .John- son, "Rudimentary Society Among Boys," in Johns Hopkins University Studies, 2d series, No. 11 (Baltimore, 1884) ; Sheldon, "The Insti- tutional Activities of American Children," re- print (Worcester, 1899) from American Journal of Psychology, Vol. IX.; Birtwell, Home Li- braries (Boston, 1899) ; Johnson, (lames and Play, Social Work Monographs (Boston, 1898) ; Forbush, Uow to Keep Boys (Boston, 1900) ; ib.. The Boy Problem (Boston, 1901) : Newnnan, The Bous' Club in Theory and Practice (Lon- don, 1900). BOYSSET, bwa's&', Chables (1817—). A French legislator, born at Chillon-sur-Saone. He entered the Legislative Assembly after the Revolution of 1848, and served until 1851, when he was banished in consequence of the coup d'C'tat. In 1867 he returned to Paris, and in 1870 he was commissioned to organize the na- tional defense in the departments of Coted'Or and SaOne-et-Loire. He became a member of the Radical Republican Party in the Chamber of Deputies, where he proposed such measures as the separation of Church and State and the abrogation of the proteeticmist laws. He pub- lished the well-known Catechisme philosophique du XIX. Hircle (1SG8), and has been collabora- tor with Proudhon on Le Penple. BOY'THORN, Lawrence. In Dickens's Bleak House, a eharacter supposed to represent Walter Savage Landor. He is the friend of Mr. Jarn- dyce. vigorous and almost ferocious in his man- ner, while really kind-hearted. BOY'TON, Paui, (1848—). An Irish nau- tical adventurer, born in Dublin. In 1874 he began his aquatic performances, in which, clad in a rubber suit, he traversed long distivnces. His most extensive trip was that of 3580 miles from the mouth of Cedar Creek, Mont., to Saint Louis, Mo., September 17 to November 20, 1881. For an account of his various feats, consult his book. Roughing It in Rubber (1886). BOZ. The pen-name of Charles Dickens in the set of papers now known as Sketches by Boz, which appeared in book form in 1836. The first number to which this name was signed appeared in the Monthly Magazine for August, 1834. Dickens's own explanation is interest- ing: " 'Boz' was the nickname of a pet child, a younger brother (Augustus), whom I had dubbed Moses in honor of the Vicar of Wake- field; which being facetiously pronounced through the nose became Boses. and being short- ened became Boz." Popularly, the 'o' came to be pronounced short, and Boz is now correct. The Pickwick Papers first appeared ascribed to 'Boz.' BOZEMAN, boz'mon. A city and county-seat of (iallatin County, Mont.. 96 miles southeast of Helena, on the Gallatin River and on the Northern Pacific Railroad (Jlap: Montana, D 3). It is in a region which has valuable de- posits of coal, gold, silver, and iron ore, and is the headquarters of large agricultural and stock- raising interests. The industrial establishments include flour-mills, lumber-mills, brick-yards, stone-quarries, breweries, etc. Bozcman is the seat of the State College of .Agricidturc and Me- chanic .rts, opened in 1893, and contains a public library and fine county and nuuiicipal buildings. A canal, some 20 miles in length, lias been constructed to serve both for irrigation and as a waterway. Population, in 1890, 2143; in 1900, 3419. BOZEN, bo'tscn (It. Bolzano). A town of the Austrian Crownland of Tyrol, situated about 860 feet above sea-level, at the junction of the Talfcr and the Eisaeh, about 83 miles south of Innsbruck (Map: Austria, It 3). It is well built, and protected from inundations of the Talfer by a .strong wall about two miles in length, which at the same time senes as a pleasant promenade. The houses for the most part are built in the Italian style, many of them with arcades. The chief public buildings are the Gothic parish church, with a fine marble altar, the Rathaus, and tlic Francisean Monas- tery. Its situation on the Brenner Railway, ami at the jimction of the roads from Germany,
