BRADDOCK. 399 BBADFORD. BBADDOCK, Edwakd (1695-1755). A Brit- ish general, who in 1755 led an expedition against Fort Du Qnesne, in the Frencti and Indian War (q.v.). With a force of 1200 i)ieked men, regu- lars and provincials, he reached the Monongahela, a branch of the Ohio, on July 8. Disregarding the advice of Franklin and Washington, of the prob- ability of a surprise, he advanced on July 9 in confident security until, when seven miles from the fort, the force was ambushed by Indians and attacked simultaneously in front by the French. Complete rout ensued, a-; the British were cut to pieces, until the survivors, less than half of the command, were led tc safety by Colonel W'ashing- ton. one of the General's aids. Braddock himself, while striving to reform his men, was mortally wounded and died a few days later at Great Meadows, 50 miles away, whither he had been carried after the defeat. Consult: The History of the Expedition Against Fort Du Quesne in Itoo, Edited from the Original Manuscripts, by W'inthrop Sargent (Philadelphia, 1855), and Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston, 1884). BRADTJON, Mabt Elizabeth ( 1837 — ) . An English novelist: born in London. In 1860 she wrote a comedietta called The Loves of Arcadia, and the year after published Garibaldi and Other Poems. Her first great success, however, came with the publication, in 1862, of Lady Audley's Secret. This has since been extended by the ap- pearance of Aurora Floyd (1863); Eleanor's Victory (1863); John Marchmont's Legacy (1863): The Doctor's Wife (1864); Sir Jas- per's Tenant (1865); Only a Clod (1865); The Trail of the Serpent; The Ladies' Mile (1866) ; Birds of Prey (1867) ; Run to Earth (1868) ; DeadSea Fruit (1868); The Lovels of Arden (1871) ; To the Bitter End (1872) ; Strangers and Pilgrims (1873) ; Wearers and Weft (1877) ; Mount Royal (1882); One Life, One Love (1800); All Along the River (1893); London Pride (1896); Under Love's Rule (1897); In High Places (1898) : Rough Justice (1898) : His Darling Sin (1899); The Infidel (1900). She was married to John Maxwell, a London pub- lisher, in ls74. BRAD'FORD (AS. Irad, broad + ford, ford). An important manufacturing city in the West Rid- ing of Yorkshire, England, on a tributary of the Aire, eight miles west of Leeds (ilap: England, E 3). Among the notable public buildings are the Church of Saint Peter, dating from 1485, the Exchange, the Town Hall, Piece Hall, and Saint George's Hall (a concert hall seating some 4000 people). Bradford has been a parliamentary borough since 1832 and returns three members to Parliament. The city's affairs are adminis- tered by a mayor, a municipal council of 64, and board of Aldermen of 21 memliers. The munici- pal authorities, imbued with a progressive spirit, have done much to make the city a business-like and modern municipality. The city owns its own waterworks, on which it expended about $18,000,- 000 to get a modem system fully equipped for the needs of the population. It also supplies with water several neighboring towns. The city maintains four stations where by means of 'de- structfjrs' the garbage is utilized for the manu- facture of mortar, paving-slabs, etc. A special filtering plant receives the sewage, which is con- verted into manure, the sale of which helps to reduce the city rate. The municipality has owned its gas-works since 1871. They net an- • nually about $100,000. Bradford was one of the first towns to municipalize the electric lighting, and has made a substantial annual profit there- from. Among other municii)al institutions are public markets and slaughterhouses, public baths, two cemeteries, and a •conditioning house' for testing the quality of raw wool and woolen goods, certificates as to their quality being is- sued. Bradford has seven i)arks and numerous small recreation grounds. It has an excellent public school system, the United Yorkshire Independ- ent College, a Technical College, a mechanics' institute, several public circulating libraries, and an art museum. Among its benevolent and charitable instituti<ms are several hospitals, in- cluding one for fever patients, a blind and a deaf- and-dumb asylum, and an orphan asylum. Brad- ford is the chief seat in England of the spinning and weaving of worsted yam, and the great mart for the long wools used in worsted fabrics. Cot- tons are also manufactured. It manufactures silk, velvet, and plush. Bradford is the seat of a L'nited States consulate; in 1895 its exports to the United States amounted to $3,000,000 in value; they have since decreased considerably, owing to the Dingley protective tarifT. In the vicinity coal and iron are mined, and the city has several extensive iron-foundries. Bradford is on four railwjiy lines and on the Bradford Canal. Its street railways are owned by the corporation, but are operated by private companies, with the exception of a short section of trolley line oper- ated by the city. Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyans have colleges near the town. The first English temperance society was inaugurated at Bradford. The Romans seem to have worked iron- mines here, Roman coins having been found in foundry refuse near the town. The manor of Bradford, after the Conquest, was held in turn by the De Laceys, the house of Lancaster, the Crown, and the Corporation of London. During the Civil War the citizens of Bradford sided with Parliament, and twice defended the town suc- cessfully against the Royalists, but were forced to surrender to the Earl of Newcastle in 1643. Sir Titus Salt (q.v.), the founder of the famous manufacturing village near Shipley, called Sal- taire, was a merchant of Bradford and at one time its mavor. Population, in 1891, 265,728; in 1901, 279,809. BRADFORD. A city in McKean County, Pa., 76 miles south of Buffalo, X. Y.; on the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg, and several local railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, C 2). It is in a petroleum and natui-a'-"is region; has a large trade in oil and liunber, and extensively manufactures refined oil, oil-well tools, boilers, gas-engines, hardwood rims, air-compressors, motor cycles, and various wood products. The city contains school and public libraries, and a well-equipped city hospi- tal. The Kinzua Bridge, 14 miles distant, is 300 feet high and 2100 feet long. Settled in 1823, Bradford was chartered as a city in 1879. The government is administered by a mayor, elected every three years, and a bicameral city council which controls nearly all of the important ap- pointive ollices. The city owns and operates its water-works, and is supplied with natural gas in
