BRADFORD, 400 BRADFORD. abundance for fuel and lighting purposes. Popu- latiun. in 18P0, 10,514; in I'JOO, 15,029. BRADFORD, Aldex (17fi.JlS43). An Amer- ican writer; born in Duxbury, llass. He grad- uated at Harvard in 1780; was minister of a C(inj;regationaI church in Wiscasset, Maine ( 17'.i:i-lS01 ) ; was Secretary of State for Massa- chusetts (lSr2-24), and, "in 1820, edited the Boston (luzette. Among his publications are: A History of Massachusetts, from l~GJf to 1S20 (1822-2'J); Life of Jonathan Mayheio (1838); History of Federal Government (1840) ; and New Eniiland Chronology, Ut'Jl-lSOO (1843). BRADFORD, Amory Howe (1846—). An American clergyman. He was born at Granby, N. Y.; graduated in 1807 at Hamilton College, and in 1870 at Andover Theological Seminary, and in the latter year became pastor of the First Congregational Church, Montelair, X. J. With the Rev. C. F. Deems, he organized the Ameri- can Institute of Christian Philosophy. He found- ed the Whittier House Social Settlement of Jer- sey City, and was a founder of the Congregational Club of Xew Yorlc. In 1893 he was a member of the deputation sent by the American Board of Foreign Missions to investigate mission work in Japan. He is an editor of the Outlook, of Xew Yorl^. and has published, besides many contribu- tions, cliielly theological, to the Andoiwr Herieio and other periodicals, Spirit and Life (1892); Old Wine: Xeir Bottles (1892) ; The Pilgrim in Old England (1893); The flrouing Revelation (1897); Heredity and Christian Problems (1895): The Age of Faith (1901). BRADFORD, John (c.1510-55). An English minister, born in Manchester. He was secretai-y to the paymaster of the English forces in France, and was accused of using money not his own be- cause he made restitution of a sum of money which his master had unlawfully talcen. In 1547 he began to study law, but turned to the study of divinity, and became a fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1549, and prebendary of Saint Paul's, London, in 1551. He was also chaplain to E<lward VI., and one of the most popular preachers in the kingdom. When Mary came to the throne he was accused of sedition and tried before Gardiner, and was condemned, and burned at the stake at Smithfield. July 1, 1555. Many of his short works are found in the issues of tract societies. There is a complete edition, with a life by Rev. Aubrey Townsend (1848-53). BRADFORD, William ( c. 1590-1 6.57 ) . One of the leaders and the historian of the ilassachu- setts Pilgrims, and the second Governor of Ply- mouth Colony. He was born in Austerfield, York- shire, Knglaiid: joined the Separatist Church of John Robinson (q.v.) at the age of 17, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to leave England in 1G07 (for which he was for a time impris- oned), joined the Pilgrims in Holland, where he became a silk-dyer, and afterwards a merchant. He advocated the removal to America, and was one of the Pilgi-ims who in 1020 came over in the Mayfloirer and founded Plymouth Colony. In April, 1021, he w-as chosen Governor to succeed Carver, aiul by repeated reelcctions continued to hold this position until his death, e.wcpt for five years, when "by importunity he got off." During all this period the story of his life is inseparably connected with that of the colony, and by his wisdom, his tact, and his great ad- ministrative ability, he did perhaps more than any other one man to make the experiment a suc- cess. In particular he quickly saw the pernicious eflects of the comnuinal system and in 1023 in- sisted that it be abolished. The second patent of Plymouth was issued (in 1029) to "William Biadford. his heirs, associates, and assigns." Bradford rendered an inestimable service to students of American history by preparing a careful History of Plimouth Plantation '(from 1602 to 1647), upon which, directly or indirectly, all subsequent accounts of the Pilgrims have been based. 'This history, says Tyler (History of American Literature, i., 118), "is an orderly, lucid, and most instructive work; it contains many tokens of its author's appreciation of the nature and requirements of historical writing, and though so recently published in a perfect form, it must henceforward take its tnie place at the head of American historical literature" and win for its author "the dignity of being called 'the father of American history.' " The manu- script of this work was used by Morton in the preparation of his Kew England's Memorial (1069); by Prince in the preparation of his Chronological History of Xew England (1730), and by Hutchinson in the preparation of his History of Massachusetts Bay (1707). It was stored for many years in the tower of the Old South Church, but disappeared during the Revo- lutionary War: was found in the Fulham Library. England, in 1855; and in 1898 was re- turned to the United States and deposited among the Massachusetts archives. The history was first published, with notes bj' Charles Deane, in 1856, and since then has been twice reprinted: in facsimile, with an introduction by ,lohn A. Doyle (London and Boston, 1896), and under the title, Bradfo/'d's History of Plimouth Planta- tion from the original Manuscript, u-ith a Re- port of Proceedings Incident to the Return of the Manuscript to Massachusetts (Boston, 1898). In addition to the history. Bradford wrote Some Ob- serrations of (Jod's Merciful Dealings with Us in the ^yilderness; A Word to Plymouth : A Word fo yew England; and Epitaphium Meum — all of which were left in manuscript and have been published in the Collections of the Massachu- setts Historical Society. A Diary of Occurrences Covering the First Year of the Colony, written in conjunction with Edward Winslow, was pub- lished in 1622 and was long known as Mourt's Relation: and A Dialogue, or the Sunt of a Conference Beticeen Some Young Men Born in Xew England and Sundri/ Antient Men that Came Out of Holland and Old England was pub- lished in 1648, and has been repul)lished in Vol. II. of the Old South Leaflets (Boston). Most of Bradford's shorter writings may be found in Y'oung's Chronicles of the Pilgrims (Boston, 1841). Consult: The New England Genealogical Register for 1850: Walker. Ten New England Leaders (Xew Y'ork, 1901) : Tyler, .1 History of American Literature. lliOl-l'iG.') (Xew York. 1898) ; and .lustin Winsor, Governor Bradford's Manuscript History and Its Transmission to Our Titnes (Cambridge, 1881). For an interesting Life of Bradford, consult Cotton ilather, Mag- nalia ( I.on.lon. 1702). BRADFORD, William (1663-1752). An -Vmerican printer. He was born in Leicester, England, and, with other tjuakers, emigrated to America in 1082. In 1085 he established in
