BKOWN. 564 BROWNE. the linen business. In 1809 he established a branch of the business in Liverpool, and laid the foundation of one of the largest mercantile firms in the world — Brown, Shipley & Co. A Liberal Reformer, he took a prominent part in local and public alVairs, and served in Parlia- nient for four terms, beginning with the year 1846. He was an able advocate of free trade and the adoption of a decimal coinage. In 1857 he subscribed £40,000 for the establishment of a free public library in Liverpool, and the original library and museinn buildings were erected by him. BROWN, VlLLI.M JIONTCOMERY (185.1 — ). An Americ.Tn Protestant Episcopal divine. He •was born at Orrville. Wayne County, Ohio, and while in charge of Urace Church, (ialion, Ohio, «rected seven missions in thal district. He be- came general missionary and Archdeacon of the diocese of Ohio in 18'.n. Bishop Coadjutor of Ar- kansas in 1398, and Bishop of Arkansas in 1899. BROWN ALGM. See Algje; and Ph.so- PHYCE.i;. BROWN'-BAND'ED SNAKE. See Death- adder. BROWN BEAR, THRUSH, etc. See Beab, TiiRrsii. etc. BROWN BESS, A term applied to the Eng- lish llintlocU in the latter part of the Eighteenth Century. The adjective probably arises from the brown color of the butt. BROWN COAL. See Lignite. BROWNE, Cuarles Farrar (1834-67). An American humorist, best known as 'Artemus Ward.' He was bom at Waterford, Maine, April 20, 1834. He began life as a printer in the ofEce of the Slcoirhetjan Clarion, and at 15 was a compositor for a co?nic weekly journal in Bos- ton, The Carpet Hag, to which he made occa- sional contributions. He then became reporter of the Cleveland Plain Denier, and conceiving the idea of writing in the character of a show- man, he began a series of .irtemus Ward's Say- ings, intentionallj- atrocious in spelling, but of humor that soon gained him notoriety. In ISliO he moved to New York, and joined the editorial staff of Vanitii Fair. The first of his humorous lectures. "The Babes in the Wood," was deliv- ered in Brooklyn, and jiroved so successful that he abandoned journalism for the platform. In 1862 he visited California and Itah, gathering materials for a scries of comic lectures on the Mormons, "whose religion is singular but their wives are plural." These lectures, with a pano- ramic accompaniment, attained great popularity in America. Consumption attacked Browne in 1864. and for two years he withdrew from the public. In 1866, his health improving, he un- dertook a professional tour in England, where he lectured with very great success for three months, almost to the eve of his death, which occurred at Southampton, March 6, 1867. His lectures and humorous writings are collected as Artemux Ward, His Book (1865); Artemus Ward, His Travels (1805); Artemus Ward in London (1S67). There is an edition of the Works, with a biographical sketch by Melville T). Landon (1875). Browne's extravagant humor has scarcely held its own with the public, but the genial character of the man and his pathetic fate keep his memory fresh. BROWNE, Charles Francis (1859—). An American artist, born at Xatiek, Mass. He studied at the Boston Art Museum, in Phila- delphia, and inider Gcrome in Paris. He is in- structor and lecturer on the history of art in the .rt Institute in Chicago, and has exhibited lrci|uciitly liere and abroad. BROWNE, Edward GRA^'^^I,I.E (1862—). An English Oriental scholar, born at Uley. He was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, stud- ied medicine, but never practiced, and in 1887-88 traveled through Persia. In 1887 he became a fellow of Pemlu-oke College. Cambridge, and in 1888 lecturer in Persian at the university. His publications include: A Year Among the Per- S'lnis (189.3) ; a catalogue of the Persian manu- scripts contained in the university library at Cand)ridge (lSli;i) ; a translation from the Per- sian. A Traveler's Sarralive, Written to Jlltis- Irate the Episode of the Hiib, with Persian text and notes (1891): The Xew History of Mirzd Ali Muhammad the linh (1893) ; and numerovis papers in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic So- ciety. BROWNE, EDw.Rn Harold (1811-91). An English bishop. He was educated at Cambridge, where he held various professorships until 1864, when he was consecrated Bishop of Ely. He was transferred to W'incliester in 1S73. but resigned, owing to ill health, in 1890. Among his writ- ings are: An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Ar- tieles (2 vols., 1850-53), and Sermons on the Atonement and Other Subjects (1859). BROWNE, Francis Fisher (1843 — ). An American editor, poet, and critic. He was born at South Halifax, Vt., December 1, 1843, After a high-school education Bi'ownc enlisted in the Forty-sixth Massachusetts Volunteers (1862- 03); then studied law at Rochester and Ann Arbor: edited the Lakeside Monthhi. Chicago (1869-74), The Allianee ( 1878-79), and The Dial (1880 — ), a semi-montlily literary review that has maintained a very high critical standard. He has written Every-day Life of Abraham Lin- coln (1886) and Volunteer Grain (1896), and edited several anthologies, among which nuiy be mentioned lUigle Echoes (188t!), a collection of ixicnis evoked by the Civil War. BROWNE, George, Count de (1698-1792). .An Irish soldier, born in Limerick. He was educated there, entered the military service of Russia in 1730, attained the rank of general, and was ca])tured by the Turks, After his re- lease, he fought with distinction in the Swedish War, with the r;ink of m;jorgeneral, and dur- ing tile Seven Years' War as lieutenant-general. At Kolin, and again at Zorndorf, he greatly ai<l- ed in effecting a victory for the Allies, liuler Peter III. he became a field-marshal, commander of the Russian forces in the Danish War, and Governor of the Province of Livonia. BROWNE, HA11I.0T Knight (1815-82). An English caricaturist and book illustrator, well known under the p.seudonym of Phiz. He first came into ])r<miinence in 1835, when he succeed- ed Seymour as the illustrator of the Pickwick Papers: subsequently he illustrated many other books, and was one of the best-known mem- bers of the staff of Punch. Consult Thomson, Life and Labors of H. K. lirowne (London, 1884).
