BROWNE. 565 BROWNE. BROWNE, Isaac Hawkins (1705-CO). An Knglish i)oet. He was born at Burton-on-Trent, Stafford: was eihaatpd at Trinity Collejie. Cam- bridge; and in 1744 and 1747 was elected as a Whig to the House of Commons, where, accord- ing to Dr. .Johnson, he "never opened his mouth." His ode, A Pipe of Tobacco, was once popular; but he is now chiefly known for his Latin poem, De Animi Immortalitate (1754). an English trans- lation of which, bv Soame Jenyns, may be found in Vol. II. of the hitter's works (1793). His contemporaries adjudged him a place among the wits of the day. BROWNE, John- Ross ( 1817-75) . An Ameri- can traveler and author. He was born in Ire- land, but wlien a child emigrated with his par- ents to Kentucky. .-t the age of IS lie went down the Mississippi on a flatboat, and for some time was reporter of the Louisiana Senate. Next he shipped on a whaler, and upon his re- turn published a book of observations on Zanzi- bar. He was for a time in the revenue service in California, where he reported the sessions of the first State Constitutional Convention. In 1851 he went as correspondent of a new.spaper to Europe, visiting Italy. Sicily, and Palestine. and giving an account of his travels in Ynsef (1853). He subsequently visited Algeria. Ice- land, Poland, and Russia, and published The Land of Thor (1866) and An American Family in Germany ( 1867 ) . In 1869 he made an elab- orate report on the Resources of the Pacific Slope. Hf was Minister to China in 1868-69. BROWNE. Jrxivs Henri (1833-1902). An American journalist, well known as one of the correspondents of the Xew York Tribune during the Civil War. He was horn at Seneca Falls. N. Y., was educated at Saint Xavier College, Cincinnati. Ohio, and for some time was en- gaged in journalism there. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was sent, as 'war correspond- ent' of the Xew York Tribune, to report the campaigns in the Southwest. Init in ilay. 1863. was captured near Vicksburg by the Confed- erates, and for two years thereafter was confined successively in the Vicksburg, Jackson, Atlanta. Richmond, and Salisbury prisons. He escaped from Salisbury in December, 1864, with several companions; accomplished the difficult feat of crossing the mountains in midwinter; and after a journey of 400 miles reached the Federal lines at Knoxville. Soon afterwards he published a book of war experiences, entitled Four Years in >SVcessia (1865), which, though hastily prepared and somewhat crude in literary form, contains much interesting information concerning various incidents of the war, and especially concerning the conditions which obtained in Southern pris- ons, and the life of the Federal soldiers confined in them. After the war, and until his death, Browne was engaged as a 'general writer,' and contributed to many papers and periodicals in the United States. In addition to Four Tears in Secessia, he published The Great Metropolis : A Mirror of Ve»; Yorh; and Lights and Sensa- tions in F.urope. BROWNE, Maximilian Ulysses, Count von ( 1705-57 ) . An Austrian field-mar.shal, son of an expatriated Irish Jacobite. He was bom in I'asel, entered the Austrian service in 1717, and after fighting against the Turks (1737-39), served in Silesia. He commanded the right wing against Frederick the Great at the battle of >b)llwitz (1741), where Frederick won his first victory in the Silesian War. During the Seven Years' ar he was again defeated by Frederick at Lobositz (1756), and at Prague, where he was mortally wounded. Count von Browne was one of the most distinguished field-marshals in the army of Maria Theresa. Frederick the Great was wont to speak of him as his 'teacher in the art of war.' BROWNE, Robert (c.l5.">0-c.l633). An Eng- lish chTgyiiian. founder of the sect of Browniists, or Independents, and the earliest post-Reforma- tion speeder from the Church of England. He was Ijorn at Tolethorpe. Rutlandshire, and edu- cated at Cambridge. He then went to London, where he preached in the open air. Returning to Cambridge, he grew more radical in his views of Church organization, and preached where he pleased, without troubling to obtain the bishop's license. In 1580 he formed a separatist congre- gation at Xorwich. Coming thus more than once into contlict with the law, he emigrated in 1581, with liis friends, to Middleburg, in Zeeland, where he published several controversial books, including A Treatise of Reformation Without Taryinp for Anie, and A liooke which Sheweth the Life and Manners of All True Chrislians. Browne's difficult temper, however, led to dissen- sions, and ultimately to the l)reaking up of the congregation. He went to Scotland in 1583. and assailed the established Presbyterian order there with his usual vigor; returned to England in 1584, was again imprisoned for several months, and in 1586 excommunicated. This spiritual penalty seems in some way to have affected him ; certainly he ceased to preacli nonconformity, and settled down to be master of Stamford Grammar School for five years, and rector of Achurch, Xorthamptonshire, from 1591 to the day of his death, which occurred, probably in 1633, in Xorthampton jail, his last imprisonment arising from his having struck a constable in a fit of pas- sion. For the views adopted by those who fol- lowed his early teachings, see Brownists; Con- gregationalism ; and consult Dexter, Congre- gationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years (Xew York, 1880), which contains a careful account of Browne's career. BROWNE, Sir Thomas (1605-82). An Eng- lish philosopher and miscellaneous author. He was born in London, studied at Winchester, grad- uated in 1626 at Broadgate Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford, and traveled through France to Italy, where he attended lectures in the universi- ties of Padua and Montpellier. Returning thence through Holland, he was made doctor of medi- cine by the University of Leyden in 1633. He set up as practitioner at Xorwich in 1G37, and soon attained to a very considerable professional repute. Though Royalist in sympathy, he pur- sued his researclies in fjuiet indifference to the stirring events of the Civil War. His learning was both multiform and extensive. He spoke six languages, knew thoroughly philosophies ancient and modern, and was versed in astron- omy, ornithology, and liotany, as those sciences then existed. In general literature he was obvi- ously well read, liis quotation from the Inferno, for example, showing liim to have been of the few who were then familiar with Dante. Of the four works published during his lifetime, the
