BUILDING. 645 BXnLDING. mortise-holes, etc., on the ground; then fit the pieces together, and finally raise the whole side of the framework at onee. I'or the smaller and cheaper wooden bviildings, balloon framing (Figs. 15 and 16) is now nearly always used. FIG. 15. B.VLLOO. SIDE AND FLOOR FRAMING. In this method of framing the timbers used arc comparatively small and light, and all connec- tions are made by nailing and spiking. The usual mode of procedure is to lay the sills, which are halved and spiked together at the corners, and then connect them with the first floor-joists com- FIO. 16. BALLOON HOOF-FEAinNO. plete. The posts are next erected and held in place by spiking them to the sill and by tem- porary bracing. The common studding is next erected and secured in a similar manner to the posts. Generally the posts and studding ex- tend from the sill to the plate without splicing. At the second-floor level a timber called a false girt or ribbon is notched and nailed to the in- side edges of posts and studs, to carry the ends of the second-floor joists. On the top of the posts and studs is placed the plate which carries the attic-floor joists and the lower ends of the rafters. It will be noted that in this method the framing of joists is <'onfined practically to the simple process of halving and notching. For the better classes of residences and frame buildings, a combination of braced and balloon framing is often employed. The braced frame is adopted as far as the sills, joists, girts, and braces are concerned : but the common studding is mortised at the lower end only, and spiked at the upper end, and generally the j)late is made of two thicknesses of plank spiked together and to the studs exactly as in simple balloon framing. For buildings of a moderate size, simple tim- bers are adequate in most cases for even the largest members of the framework : but in large buildings, where long beams and 'girders are re- quired for roof-trusses and other purposes, it is necessary to use combination members made up of two or more timbers ingeniously spliced and clamped together, so as to act as a single timber. These special constructions are considered further on, in connection with the di.scussion of joints, splices, etc. When the framework has been erected, the next process is to cover it with its integument of sheathing and roofing. The first covering of the sides consists of rough boarding or sheathing nailed to the out- side edges of the studs. On this sheathing are nailed the clapboards, siding or shingles which form the outside surface of wooden buildings generally. Roof-boarding varies from a cover- ing of closely matched and dressed boards for tin roofs to slats laid at inten-als of two or three inches for shingle roofs. The process of rough- boarding is one of the most simple processes in the art of carpentry. The laying of clapboards and shingles, however, calls for more skill — first, to preserve uniform widths exposed to the weather; and. second, to insure that the verti- cal joints do not coincide and leave a crevice for moisture to pass through. Clapboards are nar- row, thin boards, thicker at one edge than at the other. The usual dimensions are: length, 4 feet; width, G inches; thickness at butt, Va inch; at opi)osite edge, % inch. They are laid hori- zontally with the butt edge downward, the butt of each overlapping the thin edge of the next, and are nailed to the sheathing. SirHnif has a similar section to clapboards, but is thii-ker. and is sawed in lengths of 10 to l(i feet. It is applied similarly to clapboards. Shhifilci are used to cover both sides and roofs. They are put on by commencing at the eaves or lowest ccu'ner, and lay- ing horizontal courses either to line or straight- edge. Each course is partially overlapped by the course next higher, and is nailed to the roof- boarding. In carpentry, join fa and fnxtcninfis of numer- ous forms are used: they all, however, serve either to join two timbers end to end to form a continuous beam, or to join the end of one tim- ber to the side or edge of another. One method of leng-thening a beam or of joining two timbers end to end is fo abut the ends, place a timber on each side, and firmly boll all three timbers to- gether. This is termed fishing or a fished joint
