BUILDING. 646 BUILDING. Another method, used when it is desirable to preserve the same breadth and depth tlirough- out, is to cut the beams partly throu<jh a little distance back from the ends, one on the top and the other on the bottom, remove the portion cut through and lap the halved ends tojrether with bolts. This process is called scarfing. To con- nect the ends of one timber to the side or edges of another various forms of notched and mor- tised and tenon joints are used (Figs. 17 to 20). These various joints and fastenings are FIG. 17. MORTISED FOR TENONED JOINTS AND NOTCHED FOR FLOOR-JOINTS. FIG. 18. TYPES OP MORTISE AND TENON-JOINTS FOB JOISTS AND GIRDERS. On i«>n) FIG. 19. MORTISE AND TENON-JOINT OP GIRT AND POST. FIG. 20. MORTISE AND TENON-JOINT OF BRACE AND POST. explained by the accompanj-ing illustrations. Various methods of building up beams from two or more timbers arc employed in carpen- try, but the most efficient beam of this char- acter has been shown to consist of two timbers bolted together with a key between every pair of bolts (Fig. 21). The tools used by the carpen- FIG. 21. JOINTS— A AND R, BUTT-JOINTS; C. D. E, AND F, TONQOE AND OEOOTED JOINTS; O, SPLICED JOINTS. ter comprise handsaws for cutting timber to length ; planes of various sorts f(n- smoothing the ends, edges, and surfaces of timber; mallets and cliisels for cutting mortises; tenons, notches, etc. ; and hammers, hatchets, axes, adzes, squares, rules, bits, augers, etc., for general work. For the various uses of these tools, see Wood- Work- ing Maciiinekv; Boring Machinery; etc. cesses of cutting, framing, and joining wood for interior finish and fittings. As a matter of fact, a large part of what once eonstitutcil join- er's work is now done at mills or woodworking shops. Interior woodwork is usually diviclcil into standing finish, that is, the woodwork that is affixed to the walls as casings, baseboards, wainscoting, etc., and fittings like cases, cup- boards, drawers, and shelves. A very important requirement for interior woodwork is that all joints shall be as tight and inconspicuous as possible, and in fact it was in the character of the joints and in the smooth surfaces and smaller dimensions of the pieces that the origi- nal distinction between joinery and carpentry arose. The various joints made in connecting interior finish and fittings may be classified under one or more of the following kinds, namely: butt- joints, tongued and grooved joints, spliced joints, mitred joints, coped joints, covered or housed joints, glued and blocked joints, and dove- tailing; and the work is said to be butti'd, notched, mitred, coped, housed or rebated, glued and blocked, or dovetailed, according to the kind of joint that is made. Very frequently two or three operations are combined in a single joint. The accompanying illustrations show the na- ture of the joints named (Figs. 22 to 25). As FIG. 23. COPED JOINTS. FIG. 2.5. FOR.MS OF MOLDINQ. JoiNEKV, as stated above, is here considered a nile, ca-sings, baseboards, moldings, and wains- to comprise the more intricate and careful pro- coting boards are cut and dressed at the mill.
